GEO-6 Regional Assessment for Asia and the Pacific


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Singapore introduced a multi-pronged approach for phasing out the consumption of ozone-depleting substances. Licences are required for the import and export of such controlled substances, and certain prohibited ones – including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons and hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs) – can only be imported if they are meant for re-export (Singapore, National Environment Agency 2015).


3.2.4 Market instruments


China set an ambitious goal to reduce carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP by 40–45 per cent below 2005 levels by 2020, and to increase forest cover by 40 million hectares. Between 2012 and 2015, Asia witnessed the establishment of nine new emissions trading systems (ICAP 2015). China’s seven pilot emissions trading systems will help it to initiate a nation-wide emission trading system as early as 2016. (Andersen et al. 2012). The Republic of Korea’s emissions trading system came into effect in January 2015, the world’s biggest after the EU Emissions Trading System. The Maldives has planned to become carbon neutral by 2020 (Nachmany el al 2015). In 2010 Iran launched its targeted subsidy reform programme on fossil fuels, which reduced the subsidy bill by USD60 billion (1012


).


India launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission programme in 2010 with the aim of generating 20 gigawatts of solar power by 2022, further revised to 100 gigawatts in 2015. Also in 2010, the government introduced the National Clean Energy Fund for the promotion of renewable energy, imposing a levy of INR50 (USD0.8) per tonne on domestic production and import of coal, revised to INR200 (USD3.2) per tonne in 2015 (India, Ministry of Finance 2015) (Figure 3.2.2).


Asia and the Pacific countries are using integrated environmental performance measurement for creating sub-national environmental performance indicators (EPI) to improve tracking of policy implementation. Malaysia, for example, has developed two iterations of a state-level EPI.


136


Figure 3.2.2: India, annual growth in installed renewable energy generation capacity, 2007–2015


5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000


0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015


Small hydro Wind power


Solar power


Biomass power + Cogeneration bagasse


Source: India, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy 2015


China and Viet Nam both completed feasibility assessments to identify gaps in existing measurement frameworks, monitoring systems and policies at the sub-national level (Hsu and Zomer 2015). In 2012, India’s Planning Commission released its first national EPI report, a multi-indicator, state- by-state assessment of environmental quality and policy.


3.2.5 Conserving natural ecosystems


A number of countries, particularly in South and Southeast Asia, have established Joint Forest Management Committees and Community-based Forest Management and Forest User Groups for sustainable forest management, thereby decoupling forest ecosystem loss from economic development. The UN-REDD programme undertakes quantification, reports and verification that help smaller island nations to benefit from updated geographic information and data management systems, improve their capacity and have better access to multi-stakeholder networks addressing issues related to forests such as climate change.


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