MSW generarion per capita (kg/person/day)


State and Trends


Figure 2.6.2: Municipal solid waste generation projections per person, by region, kilogrammes per person per day, 2010–2100


2.5 2


1.5 1


0.5 0


2010 2025 2050 Sub-saharan Africa


South Asia Northeast and Southeast Asia & the Pacific Middle East & North Africa Europe & Central Asia High income & OECD Average


Sources: UNEP and ISWA 2015


Municipal solid waste generation in Asia and the Pacific is projected to increase until 2030, when it could be 1.6 kilograms per person per day or around 1.4 billion tonnes a year (Figure 2.6.2 and Figure 2.6.3).


With regard to the composition of municipal solid waste, the organic share comprises a greater proportion in low-income countries (50–70 per cent) than in high-income ones (20–40 per cent). The percentage of paper is also proportional to income levels, at 23 per cent of municipal solid waste in high- income countries, 19–11 per cent in middle-income ones and 7 per cent in low-income countries. The proportion of plastic, however, is less dependent on income levels than other waste types, at around 8–12 per cent across the board.


2075 2100


Household hazardous waste is estimated to make up less than 1 per cent of all municipal solid waste across all income groups, but its presence makes certain management options difficult (Figure 2.6.4).


Alongside the increase in municipal solid waste generation, Asia and the Pacific is now facing complex waste streams, including e-waste, food waste, construction and demolition waste, disaster waste and marine litter.


E-waste


Globally, as populations have increased so, too, has e-waste, reaching about 40 million tonnes in 2013 and forecast to be around 50 million tonnes in 2018. The Asia and the Pacific region is one of the largest generators of e-waste owing to the presence of China, Japan and India, three of the top five e-waste-generating countries in the world (together with the USA and Germany), with absolute volumes of 6 million tonnes, 2.2 million tonnes and 1.7 million tonnes respectively in 2014 (Balde et al, 2015).


Food waste


With rising consumption, especially by the middle-income class, food waste is a major concern in large parts of the developing world and especially in the more developed economies of Asia and the Pacific, such as in China, Japan, the Republic of Korea and Singapore (FAO 2011b). On average, approximately 11 kilograms of food are wasted per person per year in developing Asian countries, and around 80 kilograms per person in developed countries such as Japan and the Republic of Korea (APO 2006); around half of all food is wasted in the Republic of Korea and Indonesia (Figure 2.6.4).


Construction and demolition waste


Rapid industrialization and urbanization has lead to rising construction and demolition waste and a lack of available


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