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State and Trends


Figure 2.3.7: Pacific Ocean managed marine areas, 2015


Asia and the Pacific accounted for about 50 per cent of global economic growth between 2000 and 2010. With long coastlines and diverse marine activities, Asia and the Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economies have developed active marine industries that make up a substantial part of their domestic economies. In 2014, the value of China’s gross ocean products (GOP) was USD962 billion, 9.4 per cent of its GDP, with tourism, fishery, transport and ship building also making major contributions (Ebarvia, M. and Corazon, M. 2016). Income generated from capture fisheries and aquaculture was the major source of foreign income for many of the region’s island countries, including Kiribati, the Maldives, the Marshall Islands, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu (Lymer et al. 2010).


Source: SPREP 2015


protein, and a major supplier of several micronutrients, notably calcium and vitamin A. Consumption of fishery products is about 46 kilograms per person per year of fresh fish equivalent, or 34 kilograms per person per year. There are no readily-available foods to substitute for fish in the diets of people in the Lower Mekong Basin, so fisheries harvested from wetland ecosystems are extremely important for food security and household income (Lymer et al. 2008). Agriculture and wetland services account for 80 per cent of household income in Xe Champhone in Lao PDR (MRC 2015). Degradation of natural ecosystems and extinction of species would have significant impacts on local livelihoods.


National economies


The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2009) reported that the forest industry contributed approximately USD90 billion or 1.4 per cent of Asia and the Pacific’s GDP in 1990. Although gross value added increased by about USD29 billion from 1990 to 2006, the share of the forestry production sector declined to about 1 per cent of regional GDP.


Potential feedback of ecosystems to local and regional climate change


Terrestrial ecosystems are shaped by the climate, but they also influence the climate. The magnitude of monsoonal precipitation changes depends on the location of deforestation, with remote effects showing a larger influence than local effects. Widespread deforestation between 1700 and 1850 led to a 30 per cent decline in precipitation in India, and a 10 per cent decline in China (Takata et al. 2009). Devaraju et al. (2015) found that remote forcing from large- scale deforestation in the northern middle and high latitudes shifts the Intertropical Convergence Zone southward. This results in a significant decrease in precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere monsoon regions. The South Asian monsoon region is affected the most, with an 18 per cent decline in precipitation over India.


El Niño Southern Oscillation foreshadows projected effects of climate change in the Pacific sub-region in terms of a weakening of trade winds and the warming of the surface layers (SPREP 2012b). Such effects increase tuna catches in the central Pacific and reduce them further west (Lehodey et al. 1997).


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