6.2 Reading


identifying subject–verb–object in long sentences • paraphrasing A Discuss these questions.


1 What stages do babies and children go through as they develop?


2 Do children of all cultures learn the same things at the same stage of development?


3 Which comes first: language or thought? B Look at the photographs on the right.


1 Look at the following information. Decide which is about Lev Vygotsky and which is about Jean Piaget.


a He was born in Russia. b He trained as a biologist. c He was born in Switzerland. d He was a psychologist.


e He investigated the relationship between language and thought.


f He is famous for his research into cognitive development.


2 Exchange information with your partner.


C Look at the illustration, the title, the introduction and the first sentence of each


paragraph on the opposite page. What will the text be about?


D Using your ideas from Exercises A, B and C1, write some research questions.


E Read the text. Does it answer your questions?


F Study the highlighted sentences in the text. Find and underline the subject, verb and object or complement in each sentence. See Skills bank.


G Two students paraphrased part of the text.


1 Which part of the text are these paraphrases of?


2 Which paraphrase is better? Why?


H Work in groups. Write a paraphrase of a different part of the text. See Vocabulary bank.


Student A


However, Piaget’s model is based on an imaginary child living in isolation.


He suggested that all children acquired thinking processes at predetermined stages and in a particular order, regardless of the situation in which they were learning.


Piaget’s model of cognitive maturation, like Vygotsky’s, assumed that children would develop mental frameworks, or ‘schemata’, by interacting with their surroundings experimentally.


Basically, Piaget described children as ‘scientists’, always testing ideas and learning from the results.


Student B


On the other hand, Piaget’s model did not take the child’s social context into consideration.


According to Piaget, children in all societies will master the same skills at fixed stages of development.


Both Piaget and Vygotsky believed that ‘schemata’ were created through a process of active engagement with the environment.


Children were viewed by Piaget as ‘scientists’, participating in a constant process of experimentation.


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