TRANSCRIPTS
examples of people being hypnotised and apparently recalling details of childhood experiences they’ve forgotten. To be honest, though, I don’t really think that proves these memories are true. In fact, Jack, I agree with you. I think that under hypnosis, some people unintentionally invent memories.
MAJED: Well, I don’t agree with that, Leila, because Freud said that hypnosis really does uncover repressed childhood memories.
EVIE: Sorry, but what are we talking about, exactly? Real memories? People making up things that never happened? Or memories changing when we recall them?
LEILA: Yes, we need to be clear here. Are we saying that people create completely false memories, or that real memories are distorted in the process of being remembered? Well, I’d just like to say that according to what I’ve read, people under hypnosis can genuinely believe that they remember seeing things that haven’t actually happened in real life.
EVIE: In what way?
LEILA:Well, because memory can be affected by our mood, or the situation we’re in when we remember something.
EVIE: I don’t get that. Are these memories real or not?
LEILA:What I’m trying to say is that people under hypnosis may be picking up clues from the hypnotist, encouraging them to recall details that might not be accurate. So, people can be convinced they’ve remembered something, but, in fact, they’ve been influenced by the way the hypnotist asked the questions.
EVIE: I still don’t understand. Can you give me an example, Leila?
LEILA: OK. Look at it this way. Imagine you’re trying to find out whether someone stole something from a shop. You might have a witness who doesn’t recall exactly what the suspect was doing at the time of the theft. The hypnotist might ask, ‘Was the young man putting something in his backpack?’ or ‘Was the young man taking something out of his backpack?’. Depending on the question, the witness may ‘remember’ seeing a person stealing, or seeing him take his wallet out of his bag.
MAJED: So, it depends on the question?
LECTURER: Absolutely. Research has shown that, because people are more suggestible under hypnosis, there is a real danger of recovered memories becoming false memories. So there are serious doubts about the reliability of evidence obtained from eyewitnesses under hypnosis.
Unit 9, Lesson 9.2, Exercise B≤2.9
Part 1 Good morning, everyone. I’m going to talk to you this morning about personality, and in particular, about how it is defined and measured. To start with, we’ll look at three different theories … trait theory, social cognition and humanism. I’ll talk about trait theory first, and outline some of the ways traits are measured. After that, I’ll describe the social cognitivist and then the humanist approaches to personality, then I’ll give you a summary of the major differences between the three theories. At the end, I’ll talk briefly about genes, environment and personality.
But before we begin, I have a little story to tell
you … I once worked for a small company that was looking for a new person to work in their human resources department. The company put a psychometric test (a test that creates a personality profile) on its website for potential candidates to complete. Based on this test, they invited several people for interview and offered the position to the person who seemed to have the best qualifications and personal qualities for the job. However, about a month after the new person started work, it became obvious that he didn’t get on with anyone else in the team. Well … in staff meetings, which were fairly light-hearted affairs … the manager noticed that the new person wasn’t joining in at all. So she started to keep an eye on how he related with the rest of the team in other situations. And, in the end, … she realized that he simply had no sense of humour.
Of course, the point of that story is that scientific
tests can’t find out everything about a person’s character. Other factors … for example, relating to people in different situations, will also affect their behaviour.
So, to get back to the main topic – trait theory.
What exactly is a trait? Well, it’s a pattern of behaviour that’s consistent enough for us to be able to say that a person has a tendency to act or react in a certain way. For example, being optimistic is a trait, or always looking on the bright side is a trait. Trait theorists believe that we all have fairly constant aspects of our personality which aren’t very likely to change.
OK, first of all, let’s take a few moments to
consider how trait theory developed. The main trait theorists are Allport, Eysenck and Cattell, although Allport’s focus was different from that of the other two, as we shall see when we discuss the main differences between their approaches.
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