Unit 5, Lesson 5.2, Exercise D≤1.22
Part 2 OK, first of all, let’s look at Freud’s psychodynamic theory of personality. Freud believed that the personality is comprised of three components: the id, the ego and the superego, and that the unconscious plays a major role in directing our daily behaviour. So, according to Freud, the id is a part of our psyche that represents our unconscious wishes. Basically, the id drives our aggression and our sexual desires. In contrast to the id, the ego, which is the conscious aspect of the personality, controls our primitive urges and allows us to live harmoniously in a community. To put it another way, the ego mediates between the id and our need to live in a society.
Now, I’m going to move on to talk about Jung’s
theory of personality. Actually, Jung agreed with Freud that the unconscious drives our behaviour, but Jung believed that the individual self is a part of the collective unconscious. Sorry ... speaking of Freud, I forgot to mention the third element of his personality theory, the superego. This is the part of the psyche that controls our moral decisions, and the mechanism for coordinating these three aspects is known as a compromise.
Erm ... where was I? Right, to get back to Jung.
Essentially, Jung believed in the existence of a collective unconscious. By that, he meant the unconscious accumulation of human experience throughout the evolution of the species. I think his theory of the collective unconscious is really very interesting, particularly as it can branch out into myth and even mysticism.
Unit 5, Lesson 5.2, Exercise E≤1.23
Part 3 Anyway, um ... now, moving on to approaches to dream analysis. Basically, as I mentioned before, Freud and Jung agreed that the unconscious is the driving force behind our behaviour. And ... um ... in fact ... they also agreed that dreams were the gateway to the unconscious, or, as Freud put it, ‘the royal road to the unconscious’. However, because their views of the internal workings of the psyche were so different, they approached the interpretation of dreams from different angles too.
First, let’s look at Freud. According to Freud, the
underlying energy guiding our behaviour is both unconscious and motivated by unfulfilled sexual urges. Freud maintained that by recalling and
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analyzing dreams, his patients could become aware of their unconscious instincts, controlled by the id, and make them conscious, bringing them under the control of the ego. Obviously, this isn’t automatic. He believed that the psychotherapist has an important role to play by encouraging the patient to relate the images in their dreams with the first word that comes to mind, in a process called free association.
Right … Now, I’d like to turn to Jung’s approach
to dream analysis. Jung, as I mentioned before, believed that our individual unconscious was part of a collective unconscious. In his book Freud and the Post-Freudians, Brown claimed that we can see evidence of this in the universal nature of myths, and images of completeness, such as the circle. For example, if you look at Slide 3, you can see a ‘mandala’, an ancient symbol of wholeness. So, actually, Jung didn’t agree with Freud that dreams were just disguised enactments of repressed desires. Jung believed that dreams link us with the accumulated knowledge of our ancestors. So, for a Jungian, dream analysis is much more to do with connecting with this ancient wisdom.
Unit 5, Lesson 5.3, Exercise B≤1.24
Part 4 So, how does a psychologist find out about the content and the meaning of dreams? Well, by research, naturally. But there are several ways of researching the internal workings of the mind. For example ... in the case of primary research, you collect your own data. Secondary research involves reading the results of other researchers’ experiments. Once you’ve collected your information, you decide whether to analyze it qualitatively or quantitatively. However, ... oh dear ... sadly, I see we’ve run out of time. This means I’ll have to ask you to do some research. I’d like you to find a number of different methods of carrying out research into common dream themes. We’ll discuss what you’ve discovered the next time I see you.
Unit 5, Lesson 5.3, Exercise C≤1.25 1 evo'lution 2 'overview 3 perso'nality 4 'mysticism 5 'analyze 6 psychody'namic
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