TRANSCRIPTS
our mental states to the effect of our early childhood experiences on our unconscious mind. This model is usually followed by psychiatrists or specially trained psychotherapists, and focuses on discovering the repressed childhood emotions that lead to mental disorders. With this model, psychoanalysts help clients understand their present problems and change their behaviour by recalling childhood memories or reliving past emotions. Speaking personally, I think Freud’s model is rather limited, so let’s turn to the next model on the list, the socio-cognitive.
Psychologists who assume the socio-cognitive
model of behaviour believe that mental disorders are caused by flawed thinking. Therapists argue that individuals with behavioural maladjustment have acquired faulty beliefs about themselves and how they should respond to different situations. One of the most widespread methods of treatment based on this model is cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). With CBT, clients are shown how to reinterpret daily events and relationships in their lives and see that they have the option to think and react differently. I use CBT a lot with clients who have phobias or who are suffering from stress or low self-esteem, and even depression.
The final model on our slide is the multicausal.
I don’t think I need to explain it in detail. As the name suggests, it’s a combination of all the previous models and takes into account biological, psychological, cognitive and environmental factors. I think this model explains the causes of mental disorder most fully.
Unit 3, Lesson 3.4, Exercise E≤1.20
Part 3 DR ROGERS: However, before I finish, I’d like to give an example from my own practice of diagnosing and treating depression.
When a young person comes to the clinic
complaining of feeling down and miserable, my first priority is to find out exactly what their mental condition is. If they are depressed, I also need to know whether they’re suffering from bipolar disorder, whether they have mood swings ranging from euphoric to severely depressed, or whether their problem is major depression, or unipolar depression, which doesn’t include euphoria. Although these disorders may have similar symptoms, they have different causes and need different treatments.
Some therapists treat major depression with antidepressants – drugs that make people feel
119 Unit 5, Lesson 5.2, Exercise B≤1.21
Part 1 Good afternoon. Today, we’re going to look at dreams ... a topic we all know something about. In this lecture, I’m going to talk about the relationship between personality theories and dream analysis. Later on, in your seminars, you’ll be able to discuss this relationship in more detail. OK ... umm ... I’m going to discuss Freud and Jung and ... er ... how their theories of personality, or self, influenced the way they interpreted dreams. Now, although they shared many views, they did differ on key issues. And that’s the focus of my lecture. First of all, I’ll describe Freud’s theory of personality, including the ego, the id and the superego. Then I’ll outline Jung’s theory, based on the concept of the collective unconscious. After that, I’ll relate Freud’s approach to dream analysis, using free association and Jung’s method of relating dreams to universal myths. Finally, I’ll ... er ... discuss the different roles of Freudian and Jungian therapists.
more positive about life. Other therapists believe that depression is better treated from a socio- cognitive point of view. We believe that by helping clients to reassess their attitudes to life events, we can show them a way out of their depression. I adopt this approach in my practice. However, it is important to mention that I do accept that there are many cases in both types of depression, when clients need extra support from medication.
So, to summarize … We have looked at the main
causal models of mental illness, which are: biomedical, psychodynamic, socio-cognitive and multicausal, and linked them with treatments that would be considered effective in each model. We’ve looked at one example of diagnosis and treatment, and I’ve explained that I use cognitive behavioural therapy most frequently. Finally, I suggested that if we accept that mental illness has multiple causes, we must take a broad approach, and consider treatments from a variety of models. Thank you.
LECTURER: Thank you very much indeed, Dr Rogers. Well, I hope this afternoon’s lectures have given you all a picture of two very different fields of psychology and shown you how closely practice is related to theory.
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