cognitive functions and the process of learning. An example of a practical application of this field would be the case of an educational psychologist testing children to discover their preferred learning styles and deciding which educational approach will benefit them most.
Now, I’d like to turn to fourth branch of
psychology, and that is personality psychology. This branch of psychology focuses on analyzing the behaviour of individuals and classifying them into personality types. It has practical applications in a variety of contexts: for selecting employees; in psychotherapy; and in police investigations, where forensic psychologists draw up personality ‘profiles’ of criminal suspects. This is called ‘profiling’.
The fifth branch of psychology I’d like to look
at is clinical psychology … The main focus of this field is the diagnosis and treatment of individual behavioural problems and mental disorders. Clinical psychologists often work in hospitals, health centres and private clinics.
Finally, I’d like to mention counselling, which
is a widely known subfield of clinical psychology. Counsellors help healthy people to manage unusually stressful situations such as divorce, the death of a family member or social isolation. At universities, and in schools in particular, counsellors help students to overcome problems like peer pressure, bullying or drug abuse.
Unit 1, Lesson 1.4, Exercise E≤1.7
Lecture 2 If everybody’s ready, I’ll start. Right ... In today’s lecture, we’ll be looking at the problem of drug dependency amongst teenagers and young people. There are many causes of drug dependency and the effects are multiple. Today, I’m going to limit myself to tracing a chain of cause and effect that starts with teenage experimentation with drugs and ends with crime.
Firstly, let’s look at teenagers … Adolescence is
typically a time when young people are looking for new experiences. It’s also a period when having friends and belonging to a social group is very important. So, teenagers are more easily persuaded by their friends to try drugs than older people. In many cases, peer pressure to experiment with drugs is the first step towards drug dependency.
Now let’s look at the next step in the chain.
How does experimentation with drugs lead to dependency? Well, some drugs, like heroin and opium, for example, are physically addictive; others
114
are psychologically addictive. This means that people who take them become dependent on the way they feel when they use them. Sadly, many young people experimenting with stimulants, narcotics or hallucinogens simply don’t recognize that drug taking can easily lead to dependency.
Finally, we’ll look at an effect of dependency that
leads directly to crime. When a person is addicted to drugs, physically or psychologically, they want to take it regularly. And this costs money … As you probably know from your own experience, young people don’t usually have well-paid jobs or a lot of money. So it’s very common for young people to turn to crime to finance their drug habit. And what crimes do they commit? Many start by stealing from family and friends, and move on to shoplifting and pickpocketing. But many young people get their supplies of drugs by becoming drug dealers themselves, distributing narcotics amongst their friends and contacts over wider and wider networks and receiving drugs in payment.
Unit 1, Lesson 1.4, Exercise E≤1.8
Lecture 3 Good morning to you all. In the first part of today’s lecture, I’m going to trace language acquisition from infancy (0–2 years) through to 5 years. In the second part, I’ll be relating language acquisition to Piaget’s three stages of cognitive development, ending with pre-adolescence (11–12 years).
First, let’s look at the prelinguistic stage. This is
the period from birth until babies start to produce recognizable words. As soon as they’re born, babies make their first sounds … they cry. Crying is our first form of vocalization. We can’t call it language; but babies have different cries to express different needs and emotions: hunger, frustration and tiredness. Now we’ll examine the prelinguistic stage in more detail.
From as early as a week old, babies recognize
their mother’s voice; and experiments have demonstrated that at two months, babies in an English-speaking context can distinguish between sounds like ‘ba’ and ‘pa’. Just a little later, at three months, babies will make sounds in response to adults speaking to them. Between five and eight months, infants show signs of understanding simple vocabulary by looking at objects when adults name them.
Now we’ll move on to look at the linguistic stage
of development. Infants don’t usually begin to use words until they are between ten and twenty months. Their first utterances are usually only one
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137
