TRANSCRIPTS
in groups of four. Each group should find out about how the development of one of the Big Five traits can be affected by the environment and report back on their findings.
Unit 9, Lesson 9.3, Exercise D≤2.14
Extract 1 In 1848, Phineas Gage suffered an accident in which an iron rod went through his cheek and the frontal lobe of his brain. Amazingly, he survived the accident, but changed from being a serious, reliable person to being irresponsible and reckless. In effect, brain damage had altered his personality. This is fairly strong evidence that behaviour is dependent on specific parts of the brain. You can find a full account of the case in Personality: theory and research by Pervin (the 9th published in 2005) … it’s in the library.
edition was
Extract 2 There are trait theorists who take the view that the Big Five personality traits are inherited. In your core text, Psychology, (the 6th
edition was
published in 2003), Gleitman reports Borkenau’s study of German adult twins’, from the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001, which showed a 40–60% correlation between the behaviour of identical twins in comparison with a 20–30% correlation for fraternal twins.
Extract 3
By the way, I see that some of you are using the Cornell note-taking system. That’s very good. Do you all know about this? No? Right, well, if you want to know more about it, I suggest you look at How to Study in College by Walter Pauk, the 9th
affected by the environment. Let’s look at three examples: firstly, upbringing can affect how much a child’s innate tendencies are reinforced or discouraged; secondly, we can see how different situations influence how we behave; for example, we might be quite talkative with our friends, but rather quiet with our lecturers; and thirdly, pretty important this, …
Extract 2
… erm, I think our astrological signs actually affect our personalities more than our culture. I mean there must be typical Leos all over the world. It’s possible … erm … we can see how this is proved. Fidel Castro and Barack Obama are both Leos, but they come from different cultures. Let’s look at descriptions of Leos and … oh, sorry, that’s the wrong star sign, just a minute … right, so here’s a Leo profile … erm, you can see I think, how well it describes both of them … do you have any questions about this idea? …
Extract 3
We could ask the question: Are traits inherited? Usually, research into this question is based on twin studies. You know, studying identical and fraternal twins to see whether they have the same personalities. In some cases, they’ve been separated at birth and brought up in different families then brought together again to see how similar they are. It’s amazing how sometimes they have the same habits and like the same food, even though they’ve never met before. Fraternal twins are different …
Extract 4
edition, published in 2007. It’s very good, and it should be in the university library.
Extract 4 If we go back to Eysenck’s model … remember he created a two-dimensional model based on Jung’s theory of introversion and extroversion … we’ll find support for his theory in experiments carried out in Sweden in 1980 … you can find this in Gleitman, again. More recent research, carried out by Schwartz in 2003, is described in Pervin.
Unit 9, Lesson 9.4, Exercise C≤2.15
Extract 1 It seems quite clear that we can identify certain traits in people, but their behaviour is definitely
So, recent research has come to the conclusion that some basic personality traits, like introversion and extroversion, are genetically inherited. Actually, these two are more often defined as temperament, than personality. Anyway, experiments have shown that introverts and extroverts definitely have different physiological reactions to unfamiliar experiences. Apart from this, the development of people’s other traits depends on environmental factors, such as family, culture and situation. For example, a child who’s brought up to be considerate and respectful towards other members of the family will usually be more agreeable than a child brought up in a family where it’s normal to be violent and selfish. In other words, the environment decides which traits develop. The extent to which …
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