Physical and Chemical Properties


liquids are not shipped via pipelines but can be found as gasoline additives at marketing and distribution terminals.


• Degree of Solubility—An indication of the solubility and/or miscibil- ity of the material, as represented by the following scale:


Negligible—less than 0.1% Slight—0.1 to 1.0% Moderate—1 to 10% Appreciable—greater than 10% Complete—soluble at all proportions


• Viscosity—Measurement of the thickness of a liquid and its ability to flow. High-viscosity liquids, such as heavy fuels oils (i.e., #6 fuel oil), must first be heated to increase their fluidity. A low-viscosity liquid (e.g., gasoline) will spread like water and increase the size of the hazard area.


CHEMICAL PROPERTIES


Chemical properties are the intrinsic characteristics or properties of a substance described by its tendency to undergo chemical change. In simple terms, the true identity of the material is changed as a result of a chemical reaction, such as reactivity and the heat of combustion. Chemical properties typically pro- vide responders with an understanding of how a material may harm.


• Flash Point—Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off suffi- cient vapors that will ignite and flash over but will not continue to burn without the addition of more heat. Flash point is significant in deter- mining the temperature at which the vapors from a flammable liquid are readily available and may ignite. Under U.S. DOT regulations, liq- uids with a flash point less than 140ºF (60ºC) are defined as a flammable liquid, while those with a flash point ranging from 141ºF to 200ºF (61ºC to 93ºC) are defined as combustible liquids.


Flash point is also linked to boiling point and vapor pressure; liquids with a low flash point liquids will typically have low boiling points and increasing vapor pressures.


• Fire Point—Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors that will ignite and sustain combustion. It is typically several degrees higher than the flash point of the liquid. In assessing the risk posed by a flammable liquid release, greater emphasis is placed upon the flash point, since it is a lower temperature and sustained combus- tion is not necessary for significant injuries or damage to occur.


• Ignition (Autoignition) Temperature—The minimum temperature required to ignite gas or vapor without a spark or flame being present. Ignition temperature is significant in evaluating the ease at which a flammable material may ignite. Materials with lower ignition temper- atures generally have a greater risk of ignition. For example, flammable liquid releases may be ignited by vehicles, flares, and other common ignition sources.


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