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GLOSSARY
neering disciplines, while promoting the vital role of the engineer in society. ASME codes and standards, publications, conferences, continuing education and professional development programs provide a foundation for advancing technical knowledge and a safer world.
http://www.asme.org/
API (American Petroleum Institute) Gravity. The density measure used for petroleum liquids. API gravity is inversely related to specific gravi- ty– the higher the API gravity, the lower the spe- cific gravity. Temperature will affect API gravity and it should always be corrected to 60ºF (16ºC). API gravity can be calculated using the formula —API Gravity = 141.5/Specific Gravity—131.5.
Appurtenances. Attachments to a pipeline sys- tem.
APR. (See Air Purifying Respirator).
Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF). Synthetic Class B firefighting foam consisting of fluoro- chemical and hydrocarbon surfactants combined with high boiling point solvents and water. AFFF film formation is dependent upon the difference in surface tension between the fuel and the fire- fighting foam. The fluorochemical surfactants reduce the surface tension of water to a degree less than the surface tension of the hydrocarbon so that a thin aqueous film can spread across the fuel.
Aquifers. Underground, porous, permeable rock formations that act as natural water reservoirs. In certain situations, these water-containing forma- tions may be developed and used as natural gas storage facilities.
Association of Oil Pipe Lines (AOPL). Profes- sional trade association of the oil pipeline indus- try that acts as an information clearinghouse for the public, the media, and the pipeline industry and represents common carrier crude and prod- uct petroleum pipelines in Congress, before regulatory agencies, and in the federal courts.
Atmosphere-Supplying Devices. Respiratory protection devices coupled to an air source. The two types are self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and supplied air respirators (SAR).
Aviation Gasoline (Avgas). A gasoline fuel for reciprocating piston engine aircraft. Avgas is very volatile and is extremely flammable at normal
temperatures. Avgas grades are defined primari- ly by their octane rating—the lean mixture rating and the rich mixture rating. For example, Avgas 100/130 has a lean mixture performance rating of 100 and a rich mixture rating of 130.
B
Batching. The process by which multiple prod- ucts and grades of gasoline are simultaneously transported through a single pipeline. Batching may be done with or without a physical barrier separating the different products.
Barrel. A unit of measurement equal to 42 U.S. standard gallons.
Be On the Lookout (BOLO).A general broadcast made by law enforcement agencies to have offi- cers watch their surroundings for a suspect who may have committed a crime.
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE). A container failure with a release of energy, often rapidly and violently, which is accompanied by a release of gas to the atmos- phere and propulsion of the container or contain- er pieces due to an overpressure rupture.
Boiling Point. The temperature at which a liquid changes its phase to a vapor or gas; also, the tem- perature where the vapor pressure of the liquid equals atmospheric pressure. Significant proper- ty for evaluating the flammability of a liquid, as flash point and boiling point are directly related. A liquid with a low flash point will also have a low boiling point, which translates into a large amount of vapors being given off.
Bonding. A method of controlling ignition haz- ards from static electricity by connecting two or more conductive objects together by means of a conductor; for example, using an approved bonding wire to connect an aircraft being refu- eled to the fuel truck is done to minimize poten- tial differences between conductive objects, thereby minimizing or eliminating the chance of static sparking.
Boom. A floating, physical barrier serving as a continuous obstruction to the spread of a con- taminant.
Bottom Loading. A “closed loop” transfer sys- tem under which flammable liquids, such as gasoline, are loaded through the bottom valves of
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