Introduction ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AFFF Aqueous Film-Forming Foam
AR-AFFF Alcohol Resistant Aque- ous Film Forming Foam
API American Petroleum Institute
ARC Alcohol Resistant Concen- trate
EOR Enhanced Oil Recovery
FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
HLA High-Level Alarms HVL Highly Volatile Liquid LPG
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Liquefied Petroleum Gas
MC Motor Carrier MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets MTBE Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether PEL RVP
Permissible Exposure Limit Reid Vapor Pressure
SCADA System Control and Data Acquisition System
INTRODUCTION
In Chapter 3 we provided the basic principles and concepts of pipeline oper- ations. In this chapter, we will look at the specifics of liquid pipeline opera- tions and their facilities pipeline carrying crude oil, refined product, and liquefied gas pipelines.
Knowledge of the container and its contents are critical pieces of informa-
tion in sizing up the problem, assessing the behavior of each, estimating future outcomes, and developing a sound incident action plan. Topics in this chapter include an overview of the physical and chemical properties of com- mon products shipped in liquid pipelines, liquid pipeline facilities and op- erations including marketing and distribution terminals, and clues and indicators of a leaking liquid pipeline.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
To mount a safe and effective response at a pipeline emergency, responders must understand (1) how the product will behave (i.e., its physical properties) and (2) how it can harm (i.e., its chemical properties). In this section we will review the key physical and chemical properties of common products found in liquid pipelines and their role in the risk assessment process. Emergency responders must understand these properties and their application in a pipeline incident. Physical and chemical terms covered in this section may be referenced from either the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the product or from emergency response guidebooks.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Physical properties provide information on the behavior of a material. These properties or characteristics of a material can be observed and measured and provide responders with an understanding of how a material will behave both within and after being released from its container.
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