GLOSSARY
solids, or other materials. Barrier which prevents passage of a hazmat to an area where it will pro- duce more harm.
Dilution. Chemical method of confinement by which a water-soluble solution, usually a corro- sive, is diluted by adding large volumes of water to the spill. It can increase the total volume of liq- uid which will have to be disposed of. In decon applications, it is the use of water to flush a haz- mat from protective clothing and equipment, and the most common method of decon.
Direct-Reading Instruments. Instruments that provide information at the time of sampling; they are used to detect and monitor flammable or explosive atmospheres, oxygen deficiency, cer- tain gases and vapors, and ionizing radiation.
Dispersants. The use of certain chemical agents to disperse or breakdown liquid hazmat spills. The use of dispersants may result in spreading the hazmat over a larger area. Dispersants are often applied to hydrocarbon spills, resulting in oil-in-water emulsions and diluting the hazmat to acceptable levels. Use of dispersants may require prior approval of the appropriate envi- ronmental agencies.
Dispersion. Chemical method of confinement by which certain chemical and biological agents are used to disperse or break up the material involved in liquid spills on water.
Distillate Fuel Oils. Include both diesel fuel and fuel oil. Diesel fuel is a light hydrocarbon mixture for diesel engines, similar to furnace fuel oil, but with a slightly lower boiling point. Refined fuel oil comes in two grades. No. 1 distillate, such as kerosene, is a light fuel. No. 2 fuel oil is a distil- late fuel oil prepared for use as a fuel for atomiz- ing-type burners or for smaller industrial burner units.
Distribution Mains. Initial connection from the natural gas transmission pipeline system down- stream of a gate station or city gate.
Diversion. Physical method of confinement by which barriers are constructed on ground or placed in a waterway to intentionally control the movement of a hazardous material into an area where it will pose less harm to the community and the environment.
Divisions. As used within the Incident Com-
mand System, are the organizational level having responsibility for operations within a defined geographic area.
DOT. (See Department of Transportation). E
Earthquake Shut-Off Valves. In regions prone to earthquakes, many gas customers have installed earthquake shut off valves on their gas meters which, in the event of an earthquake, will block off the flow of gas before it enters the building.
Emergency Decontamination. The physical process of immediately reducing contamination of individuals in potentially life-threatening situ- ations with or without the formal establishment of a decontamination corridor.
Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Functions as required to provide emergency medical care for ill or injured persons by trained providers.
Emergency Operations Center (EOC). The se- cured site where government or facility officials exercise centralized direction and control in an emergency. The EOC serves as a resource center and coordination point for additional field assis- tance. It also provides executive directives to and liaison for government and other external repre- sentatives, and considers and mandates protec- tive actions.
Emergency Operations Plan (EOP). A written plan that describes various contingencies for responding to a pipeline emergency.
Emergency Response. Response to any occur- rence that has or could result in a release of a haz- ardous substance.
Emergency Response Guidebook. Resource developed jointly by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Transport Canada, and the Secretariat of Communications and Transporta- tion of Mexico (SCT) for use by firefighters, police, and other emergency services personnel who may be the first to arrive at the scene of a transportation incident involving a hazardous material. It is primarily a guide to aid first responders in (1) quickly identifying the specific or generic classification of the material(s) involved in the incident, and (2) protecting them- selves and the general public during this initial response phase of the incident. The ERG is
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