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CHAPTER 4 Liquid Products Pipeline Operations DESCRIPTION


VERTICAL STORAGE TANK


LOW-PRESSURE LIQUID STORAGE TANKS SIZE AND CONSTRUCTION


• Steel tank with vertical cylindrical walls supporting a fixed bottom and a flat or conical roof. Typically welded construc- tion, although older riveted tanks are still in-service. Also referred to as dome roof tanks.


• Smaller diameter (approximately 25 ft. and less). Capacities range from 100 to 10,000 barrels (NOTE: 1 barrel = 42 gallons).


• Working pressures range from 2.5 to 15 psi.


• Uses a pressure-vacuum valve for nor- mal tank operations. If designed, emer- gency relief protection provided by a weak roof-to-shell seam. However, the roof may not always fail as designed.


• Tanks in chemical service may be lined; high vapor pressure solvents may have an inert blanket (e.g., nitrogen) over the product.


• Smaller fiberglass tanks with capacities up to 25,000 gallons may also be found in chemical service.


HORIZONTAL STORAGE TANK


• Wide range of horizontal tanks in serv- ice. Range from welded or riveted steel plate construction to double-walled steel tanks encased in fire retardant materials with its own containment box (i.e., tank within a tank design).


• Capacities typically range from 300 gal- lons to 10,000 gallons, although larger tanks may be found. Working pressures are at atmospheric pressure.


• Structural integrity of tank supports is critical in a fire scenario. Under NFPA standards, horizontal tanks storing flammable liquids must be protected by materials having a fire resistance of not less than 2 hours.


• Uses a pressure-vacuum valve for normal tank operations.


Figure 4.12 LOADING RACKS AND TRANSFER OPERATIONS


Depending upon the location of the storage tank terminal, petroleum prod- ucts may be transferred into cargo tank trucks, railroad tank cars, and barge or ship loading racks. A system of piping and transfer pumps within the tank terminal move the petroleum products from their storage tank to a pipe manifold and, ultimately, to the respective loading rack and transport con-


• Flammable and com- bustible liquids, solvents, oxidizers, poison liquids, and corrosives.


• Newer generation of tank within a tank design is widely used for motor fuels applications (e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel).


CONTENTS / HAZARD CLASS


• Flammable and combustible liquids, solvents, oxidizers, poison liquids, and corro- sives.


• At petroleum storage facilities, will primarily store combustible liquids due to environmental emissions and economic considera- tions.


• At chemical facilities, may store virtually any hazardous or non-hazardous liquid.


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