• Fluids should be cool and palatable to encourage drinking. In one study, grape was the preferred flavor and the one that encouraged the greatest rehydration following mild dehydration.188
• Over drinking fluids in excess of sweat and urinary losses is the prime cause of hyponatremia (blood sodium < 135 mmol/L), also known as water intoxication.
• When large sweat losses occur ( > 1.2 L/h), sodium should be ingested. • In warm weather, avoid unnecessary layers of clothing. For example, soccer goalkeepers should remove the team jersey when wearing the goalkeeper shirt.
• Clothing should be made of wicking material. Sweat-drenched clothing should be replaced with dry clothing when possible.
• Reduce the intensity of exercise when the relative humidity and ambient temperature are high. • Allow frequent breaks. • Provide shelter from direct sunlight during hot weather when players are on the sidelines. • Aſter exercise, effective rehydration requires a fluid intake 125% to 150% for every kilogram of body weight lost.143
• Excessive intake of alcohol in the recovery period is discouraged due to alcohol’s diuretic effect.143