management of the use of supplements and sports foods within a high-performance sport environment. Te AIS program was initiated in 2000 to manage the supplement use of high-performance athletes within the AIS’s scholarship program aſter an assessment of unsound practices within this population. It was developed as a multidisciplinary project and conducted under the oversight of the Sports Supplement Panel that included experts in sports nutrition, physiology, medicine, strength and conditioning, policy, and antidoping professionals from the AIS. Its activities were integrated into all aspects of the leadership roles of the AIS and the scholarship requirements of its athletes, with the following goals8


:


• To allow its athletes to focus on the sound use of supplements and specific sports foods as part of their specific nutrition plans;


• To ensure that supplements and sports foods are used correctly and appropriately to deliver maximum benefits to the immune system, recovery, and performance;


• To give its athletes the confidence that they receive cutting-edge advice and achieve state-of-the-art nutrition practices; and


• To ensure that supplement use does not lead to an inadvertent doping offense. Elements of the AIS Sports Supplement Program included an education arm to provide information


suited to different groups within its community (sports science/medicine professionals, athletes, and coaches), a research arm to continue to develop the evidence base on which decisions about supplement use would be made, a provision arm to allow a supply of low-risk sports foods and supplements to be made available to athletes within a supervised sports nutrition program, and a governance arm to ensure that all components were managed with professionalism and transparency. Evaluation of the impact of the AIS Sports Supplement Program suggests that not only has it gained


international recognition for its categorization system and high-quality education resources, but it has also played a role in changing supplementation practices of the athletes with whom it directly worked. It should be noted that while the program educated athletes, including teaching them how to use its classification system to identify supplements lacking an evidence base, it still relied on athletes to make the final deci- sion about their use of these products. A survey of supplement use by elite Australian swimmers, of whom AIS swimmers made up one-third of the cohort, revealed significant differences in self-reported practices.28 Overall, 97% of swimmers reported taking supplements or sports foods over the preceding 12 months. AIS swimmers reported using a greater number of products overall, including a greater number of products considered to be performance supplements. However, they were less likely to use supplements considered to be lacking scientific support and more likely to report sports dietitians and sports physicians as advis- ers of their supplement use. Te AIS swimmers sourced a greater percentage of their supplements from an organized program (94% ± 16%) compared with other swimmers (40% ± 32%) (P < .001) who sourced a greater percentage (30% ± 30%) of their dietary supplements from supermarkets. Tese findings suggest a positive impact of the program, with the authors suggested that providing access to evidence-based supple- ments and sports foods was an important aspect of its implementation.28 Recently, the operation of the AIS Sports Supplement Program has evolved into an advisory framework


with the responsibility for the use of supplements within Australia’s high-performance sport environment falling under the oversight of National Sporting Organisations (NSO). Te external review of many of these NSOs by government funding agencies requires the existence of a supplement policy as a key item of governance, cementing the importance of reference frameworks such as the AIS Sports Supplement Pro- gram resources. Although this is an Australian example, it highlights the importance that some national governments may be placing on the safe, effective, and legal use of supplements and sports foods in the high-performance sports environment. A key part of the AIS Sports Supplement Program/Framework is the ABCD classification system for


supplements and sports foods, a ranking system with four tiers. Each tier has a suggested level of use that would be justified within a specific sports supplement program. Te program is underpinned by a risk-benefit assessment by a panel of sports nutrition, medicine, and sports science experts of the evidence base for the beneficial uses of each product. Although the hierarchy of categories was developed for long- term use, there is a regular assessment of supplements and sports foods to ensure that they are placed in the


142 SECTION 1: SPORTS NUTRITION BASICS


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