1 07 Introduction 3
A number of different phases make up what is known as the Software Development Life Cycle, or the SDLC. The SDLC is a process designed to produce high-quality, low- cost software as quickly as possible. Different methods can be used with this process. These include the waterfall method, iterative methods and spiral methods. The most common phases of the SDLC are: requirement analysis; planning; software design; software development and testing and deployment.
08 Introduction 4
A key challenge for software engineers is ensuring that computer programs can do what they have been designed to do. Very often, when software is written, it has bugs, which means that the program won’t run properly. Sometimes these bugs are difficult to find. For example, during the 1980s, there was a bug in the code that controlled X-ray machines treating people with cancer. The bug was not discovered for a long time, and a number of patients died as a result. Bugs can also be very costly in other ways. In 1996, a European rocket system costing hundreds of millions of dollars was destroyed because of a bug in the software for the control systems. So, you can see that it is important to avoid bugs in software. This lecture will discuss some of the different approaches which have been used to improve the quality of software, so that there are many fewer bugs in the final product: how to make developers test early, how to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of late testing and how to automate testing.
09 Introduction 5
Defining exactly what we mean by a computer system is not easy, but we can point to five steps that any computer system should be able to perform. It should be able to take some type of data as input. It should be able to store the data and instructions on how to process the data in some form of memory. It should then be able to process the data using the instructions, and to generate some output from this. Finally, it should be able to control all of these steps.
METHODOLOGY NOTE Ways of keeping notes Students may have different methods for keeping notes. Some students choose to use spiral-bound or stitched/stapled notebooks to record information. Alternatively, they may use a loose-leaf file, which allows information to be reorganized and categorized using dividers.
28 C
Students can check their work in pairs and with others in their group.
If students’ outlines are different, ask them to explain their reasons. Tell students to think about an appropriate type of notes for the next part of the lecture – it could be a continuation of the type they chose for the introduction, or they could add an additional type.
D
Before students listen to the next part of the lecture, refer them to their outline notes again. Tell them to orally reconstruct the introduction from their notes. They don’t have to be able to say the exact words, but they should be able to give the gist.
10–14
Remind the groups that they should listen to their allocated lecture through only once.
If it is only possible to play the recordings for the whole class together, students from non-listening groups could be provided with a distraction activity so they are less likely to listen closely.
10 Lecture 1
So, what are the advantages of using machine translation with natural language? Well, one of the main advantages of machine translation is speed. Human translators can translate around 2,000 words per day on average, depending on the type of text. However, machine translation can translate thousands of words per minute. Even when a team of translators is working together, they cannot begin to match the speed of machine translation. Another advantage is the lower cost of machine translation. Many companies are creating new software to provide translation services, so the cost of translation is constantly falling. There is also a third advantage when technical documents are translated. Technical documents generally have many specialized words and phrases, and a human translator will often need to use a dictionary to understand these. This takes time, and a human translator may make mistakes. In machine translation, these special words and phrases can be translated automatically and without mistakes. However, there are some disadvantages to machine translation. The first of these is the quality of the
1.4 Extending skills
whether a machine was intelligent or not. In this test, a person would have a conversation with a computer and another human being at the same time. If they could not tell the difference between the two, then the computer would have passed the test.
Some students also use electronic methods of note-taking, which allow sections of text to be extracted and documents to be highlighted. Whichever method students use, it is important to encourage them to work on their note-taking and to exchange ideas with other students on how they can get maximum benefit from it.
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