10.4 Extending skills
D
Set students to work in pairs. Remind them that they have covered many of these symbols and abbreviations in Unit 5.
5.3 Symbols and abbreviations for notes RESOURCES p.128
Ask students to try to remember the meaning of as many of these as possible without referring to the book or their notes. However, they can use their notes and the list on page 128 of the Course Book to complete the activity.
Elicit and feed back visually, partially completing the table below.
Suggested answers
Symbol/ Abbreviation
& ©
cf. ed.
ed(s). et al. ibid. n.d.
op. cit. p.
pp. vol.
E
1. Ask the class to look at the text and the list of references on page 103. They should be able to work out the answer.
Answer
The research sources are indicated in the text using the author(s) name(s) and a number in square brackets. The full details of the sources are listed in the reference list in numerical order – the order in which they appear in the text. Remind students that this is how the IEEE referencing style works.
2. Ask students to scan the citations to look for page numbers. Scanning citations will be a useful skill for them in future.
Meaning and
copyright compare edition editor(s)
and other authors same place in a work already referred to
no date (used in a reference list if there is no date – as is often the case with web articles)
the work already referred to page
pages volume
Answer
One citation has page numbers: (P. D. O. Santos and M. M. deCarvalho, 2021, pp. 1–18).
3. Elicit from the class how many direct quotations there are in the text (two), and ask them to locate them.
Remind students (if you have not done so already) that there are two main ways in which students can use sources (i.e., references to other writers’ work) in their writing:
• By giving the exact words used by another writer. This is referred to as a quotation or direct quotation. Direct quotations are in quotation marks.
• By paraphrasing another writer’s ideas, i.e., rewriting the ideas using their own words but retaining the meaning. This is referred to as a paraphrase if it is around the same length as the source, or as a summary if it is shorter than the original source.
LANGUAGE NOTE Punctuating direct quotations
If the quotation is a full sentence, it begins with a capital letter inside the opening quotation mark and ends with a full stop inside the closing quotation mark. If there are some words missing from the original quotation that were at the start of the original sentence, the quotation does not begin with a capital letter.
Original spelling/punctuation conventions are retained in a quotation.
4. Set for pairwork, and feed back visually using the table on the next page.
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