10.2 Reading
C 10.2_C
Set for individual work and pairwork checking. Give students time to compare their answers, and then elicit and feed back visually with the class using the PDF. Together, underline parts of the text and feed back using the answers below.
Answers 1. waterfall, agile and hybrid waterfall agile methods
2. The writer gives three reasons why waterfall methods are not suited to the active management of projects: project managers only intervene when something goes wrong; waterfall does not provide good practice on managing costs; waterfall projects generate a lot of documentation.
3. Agile methods can cause security problems. Because of its iterative and time-limited nature, features may not be completely finished leaving possible security gaps.
D
Remind students of the activity in Lesson 10.1, Exercise E, and ask them to review their answers.
Set for pairwork. Elicit from students that the phrases will give them an indication of how confident or tentative the writer is likely to be about the information which follows.
Ask students to first find and underline the phrases in the text and then to read what follows. They should then decide if the phrases are C – confident or T – tentative.
10.2_D
Elicit and visually feed back to the class using the information in the table below and the PDF.
VOCABULARY BANK 10.4 Fixed phrases from academic English (3)
A list of similar phrases can be found in Vocabulary Bank 10.4.
Answers It is generally agreed that …
… evidence from the literature indicates … Most practitioners seem to agree that … Some writers have suggested that … … as a recent publication suggests …
C T T T T
As a recent article indicates … There is also a consensus that …
E
Set for pairwork and ask students to identify the marked words. Elicit the answers and feed back verbally if necessary. Discuss any differences in students’ answers.
Ask students to find more neutral alternatives. Ask whether it is hard to find appropriate neutral words for some of the words and whether any of the existing words are appropriate. Elicit ideas, and feed back visually using the answers below.
Answers
Some writers have suggested that waterfall methodologies do little to actively manage projects. One reason, as Bentley [3] indicates, is that waterfall projects ‘manage by exception’. This means the project manager only highlights problems when changes from the plan exceed their agreed tolerances. In other words, they only intervene when something is extremely wrong with the project. In addition, while waterfall methods discuss planning, risk and controls, they do not provide good practice on managing costs associated with delivery. Cost overruns are a huge failing in many computing projects, so it is important that some methodology is used by the organization to manage costs. Finally, another criticism of waterfall methods is that they are not well suited to working on smaller projects because of the enormous amount of documentation required. However, as a recent publication suggests, the level of documentation on waterfall methods can be adapted to meet the requirements of the project (Madsen [4]).
F
Explain to students that this activity will help them to break down sentences so they can understand them more easily. It will also help them to write complete, meaningful sentences.
Draw the table from the Answers section on the board. Ask students to look at sentence a and say which box each part of the sentence should go in. Complete the table for the sentence a as shown.
Point out how each of the noun phrases is made up of several words. In each case, elicit which words are the core of the noun phrases (shown in bold in the table in the Answers section). Do the same with the verb phrases.
Set questions 1–4 for individual work and pairwork checking. Feed back with the whole class.
T C
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