11.3 Extending skills
'machine learning natural language 'processing 'pattern recognition re'mote monitoring
B
Explain to students that Part 3 of the lecture will cover these two topics. Check students’ understanding of the vocabulary in the two topics and elicit what they already know about the topics.
1. Set for pairwork. Depending on the class, students in each pair can both focus on one of the topics or each focus on a different topic. Tell students to write questions that they would like to know the answers to. Prompt using example questions (e.g., What is …? Why is it important? Who is it important for?) if they find this difficult.
2. Elicit from students what is the best way to take notes from the lecture (the Cornell note-taking format), and give them time to prepare their page.
3. Tell students that you are going to play the recording and that they should be ready to take notes.
59 Play Part 3 straight through without stopping.
4. Give students time to compare their notes and to fill in any gaps.
59 Part 3
So, if employers’ rules are not enough, are there other types of rules that can be used? Well, almost all the main professional associations have their own ethical guidelines, and these can help decision-making. One example of this is the British Computer Society (BCS) Code of Conduct. The BCS guidelines include the need to consider the
impact of members’ work on society in different areas, such as in public health; in maintaining the privacy and security of individuals; maintaining the quality of the environment, and also the well-being of others. Another aspect the guidelines mention is the
requirement for members to continue to develop their professional competence skills and to only carry out work that is within their professional competence. In other words, they keep people safe because they know what they can and cannot do. Linked to this is the requirement to respect the organization or individuals they work for, so the work they do is carried out with due care and attention. The code also reminds individuals that they should
promote their professional society with colleagues and let others know how computing professionals contribute to the well-being of society. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) also has a code of conduct. The IEEE Code of Conduct focuses on personal behaviour when interacting with others, as well as requirements
to avoid damage or injury to others and to behave in an ethical manner when doing business. Although some people may claim that guidelines are
very general and are often ignored by their members, they offer a way for computing professionals to evaluate how ethical their decisions are, regardless of the specific employment context that they are in. A key issue where this is becoming more important
is in relation to the development of machine learning and artificial intelligence. A very useful definition of AI is from King (2017) – and I quote – ‘computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, written and spoken human language recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages’. A key point here is ‘otherwise attributed to human intelligence’, in other words, these are machines which can make decisions in ways we would expect humans to do. As Computer Science students, you will know that AI is made possible by the huge increase in the processing power of computer systems and the availability of large amounts of raw data. Because of the speed with which AI is developing, many different organizations and governments are trying to develop clear guidance on how to manage AI. You may want to look at the British Computer Society draft national AI strategy to get some ideas about how they see the issues. I can give you the reference at the end of the lecture. So, we saw earlier in the lecture that Bynum
highlighted the fact that computer specialists were constantly creating new possibilities for society and that this meant that ethical decisions were more difficult for them. The way in which computers have developed over the last 30 years is truly amazing, but the possible developments in AI are even more amazing and there is a clear need for ethical guidance around these. There are many benefits from the use of AI. For
instance, it has enabled computers to translate texts between languages with a high degree of accuracy, even with spoken language. It also enables high-quality speech recognition, helping to develop speech-controlled devices, such as Amazon’s Alexa. However, AI can also be used in ways which can be
regarded as harmful. For example, facial recognition techniques can be used to track individuals across different surveillance cameras, making it easier to monitor and control individuals in ways which affect their daily lives. Another important issue for AI is the ability of
AI-controlled devices to operate autonomously, that is to say, without any instructions from a human operator. The use of autonomous vehicles is one example of this. This is a good example of the need to consider potential benefits and harm that AI can bring. Autonomous vehicles have the potential to make travelling in cars safer. However, it also has the potential to cause damage to individuals if the system does not work correctly. There have already been examples of deaths of passengers in autonomous vehicles. An even more worrying aspect of autonomy is the development of autonomous weapons, that is weapons which can attack without direct instructions from a human operator. This sounds like science fiction, but according to a UN report, armed drones have already been used in this way. When the first silicon chip was created, the people who created it had no idea of the impact it would have
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