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SUSTAINABILITY


targeted procurement of goods and services. (At present, South Africa does not have a Green Star healthcare facility rating tool.)


Ventilation stack


Design response It was clear from the outset that a robust and innovative heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system was required to ensure adequate ventilation and thermal comfort, and that affordability would be a key design driver. During the design stage, the


professional team considered how the clinic could respond to the local climatic conditions and meet the ventilation requirements for infection control. The facility also needed to be patient- and staff-friendly, easy to maintain, with lower energy consumption than a conventionally designed facility. The positive socio-economic impact of the capital expenditure needed to be maximised in support of social sustainability. Short-term employment during the construction period would be created through labour-intensive construction methods. Furthermore, the promotion of skills development would improve economic opportunities for the participants once the project was complete. Due to the relatively remote location, albeit on the main route between Cape Town and Johannesburg, most conventional building materials and higher level technical skills would have to be transported over long distances. Because this would result in a relatively large carbon footprint with reduced local spending, the potential of unconventional and locally sourced materials was closely examined. Passive design principles were applied,


with careful attention to the particular climatic conditions and bearing in mind a very constrained budget. The design mandate was to achieve a capital- and life cycle-cost- effective, as well as energy-efficient building, while using relatively low- technology and low maintenance building materials and easily maintainable mechanical and electrical systems.


Starting from first principles of passive building design – taking advantage of natural energy such as sunlight, wind and temperature differences to achieve a desired result – the site and location informed the concept design. Although all aspects of the design are interdependent, they are described individually below. Orientation: The long façades of the building are oriented to face north/south, to derive maximum benefit from the low winter sun. The short east and west façades are mostly unglazed, to minimise morning and afternoon heat build-up during summer. The single-banked corridors double up


30


SUMMER SUN AT 12 PM


84˚


WINTER SUN AT 12 PM


38˚ Concrete ring beam


Inward opening hopper window Rammed earth wall Plastered brick plinth


Consultation


Corridor waiting


Deep overhang


Rock store Plenum Diagrammatic section.


as sub-waiting areas, which assist with patient flow and separation for infection prevention. There is generous visual connection to planted courtyards and the surrounding context, without loss of patient privacy. The waiting areas are naturally well-lit and the relative transparency allows for good overview and orientation. Through a temperature modelling


study, it was determined that patient waiting areas would be optimally located on the northern side, to benefit from the penetration of morning sun in winter. There would be fewer uncomfortably cold days per annum, but a few more uncomfortably hot days. Overall, the annual number of hours of thermal comfort is increased. Windows and roof overhangs were designed to allow for deep sun penetration in winter and for effective shading in summer. The overhangs also protect the rammed earth exterior walls from weathering.


These lime stabilised rammed earth


walls increase the thermal mass of the building and thereby assist in keeping the interior at a more constant temperature by slowing down the transfer of heat from outside to inside. Construction work was carried out in


accordance with the SAZS 724:2001 Zimbabwe standard code of practice for Rammed Earth Structures (subsequently replaced by the Southern African Development Community Standard SADCSTAN TC 1/SC 5/CD SAZS 724). Sedimentary material from the local dam, which has been dry for many years, was tested to confirm its suitability for this type of construction. Numerous sample walls were built with various mixes to establish the most suitable specification. Organic material was removed from the soil and then batches of dam material, builder’s sand, lime and cement were mixed in a conventional concrete mixer on site.


Reusable timber shutters were fixed on


Soil for the walls was sourced from the local dam. Note the same colour striations on the dam wall in the background as on the finished rammed earth wall.


IFHE DIGEST 2020


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