SKIN PROTECTION Mg2+ O OH
CH2OCH2COO- CH2OCH2COO- O
O OH O
CH2OCH2COO- O
O OH OH OH Mg2+
CH2OCH2COO- O
O OH OH OH CH2OH O OH β-(1,3) linked backbone Figure 2: Schematic representation of the MgCM-Glucan molecule.
sufficient to eliminate pathogens and the Th2 path should not be active. To ensure this, the active Th1 path is able to inhibit Th2 activation. In people suffering from allergies however, the immune response is skewed towards the Th2 path. The Th1/Th2 story corresponds to the
hygiene hypothesis: in people that are ‘immune trained’ by coming into regular contact with pathogens that activate Th1, a healthy response can develop. For people who experienced limited exposure to pathogens at a young age because of a too sterile environment, the immune response is skewed from a healthy reaction towards an allergic sensitisation. Therefore, shifting the immune
response back to the Th1 path could help suppress the hypersensitised reaction that stems from overactive Th2.
100
*p<0.05 vs. control **p<0.001 vs. control
** 80 30 ** 60 * 40 10 20 20 * *
Characteristics of eczematous skin A common skin disease associated with chronic skin inflammation and eczema is atopic dermatitis (AD). As with other allergies, AD has a higher prevalence in individuals growing up in more sanitised environments and the number of incidences have increased within the past decades in the industrialised world.5
AD
is characterised by itchy dry skin with an impaired barrier function. On a molecular level, the immune response in AD is shifted towards Th2 activation and IgE-mediated sensitisation towards environmental allergens. The severity of AD is correlated to the levels of IgE production, but the underlying mechanism remains to be unravelled.6
Another characteristic of AD is the elevated 40
n Placebo n 0.1% MgCM-Glucan
*p<0.05 vs. untreated **p<0.05 vs. untreated and placebo **
expression level of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a pro-inflammatory cytokine.7
Furthermore,
the impaired skin barrier function typical for AD leads to an increased risk for bacterial infection, mainly with the organism Staphylococcus aureus.8
This
adds to the vicious cycle of recurring irritation and inflammation. But how could an overactive immune
system as in the case for AD be rebalanced to an appropriate response to allergens on the skin? It has been shown that the Toll-like receptors (TLR) in keratinocytes play an important role in the activation of the Th1 response. When the skin is exposed to allergens together with a TLR ligand, it can help to shift the immune response balance towards the Th1 path, preventing Th2-mediated oversensitisation of the skin.9
MgCM-Glucan – designed to rebalance the skin MgCM-Glucan (CM-Glucan Forte/INCI: Magnesium Carboxymethyl Beta-Glucan) is a polysaccharide, β-(1,3)-Glucan, derived from cell walls of baker’s yeast. It was carboxymethylated to improve the molecule’s water solubility and modified to contain magnesium as a counter-ion to increase structural stability (Fig. 2). In addition, magnesium ions were reported to positively influence epidermal proliferation, differentiation and skin barrier function as well as to possess anti-inflammatory properties. β-(1,3)-Glucan has been reported to
0
MgCM-Glucan concentration (mg/mL) 0.1
0.5
Figure 3: Concentration-dependent inhibition of S. aureus adhesion to reconstructed human epidermis by MgCM-Glucan.
0 Day 14 Day 28
Figure 4: Increase in skin hydration after 14 and 28 days treatment with placebo cream or a cream containing 0.1% MgCM-Glucan.
bind the Toll-like receptor TLR2 on keratinocytes and thereby evoking the Th1 immune response when pathogens are in contact with the skin while repressing Th2 activation.10
This immune ‘training’ by
MgCM-Glucan (now referred to as ‘the new yeast cell active’) could counteract the skin imbalance and irritation (Fig. 1b).
February 2016 PERSONAL CARE 65 O OH O OH O
CH2OCH2COO- O
O OH OH O O OH CH2 Mg2+
CH2OCH2COO- O
O OH OH
CH2OCH2COO- O
O OH OH Glucose unit OH CH2OH O OH O Mg2+
CH2OCH2COO- O
O OH OH OH CH2OH O OH O OH O OH O OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH CH2 O O Mg2+
CH2OCH2COO- O
CH2OH O O
CH2OCH2COO- O
O Mg2+ CH2OCH2COO- O O β-(1,6) branch
}
Increase in skin hydration (%)
Inhibition (%)
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