and in identifying the poor, except where there are fewer extreme poor to distinguish and there is clustering around the poverty line. These methods have some disadvantages with respect to scalability: the transaction costs are high, as is the need for capacity building. They will miss people in need due to politics and human error, although they are arguably less prone to the lat- ter than is a proxy means test. They need institutional checks and balances, accuracy assessments, and supplementation with proxy means tests where these would have the greatest efficiencies. Additional lessons and recommen- dations on targeting are reported in the conclusions in Chapter 10.