154 CHAPTER 9


although some newer programs are mixed, with both unconditional and con- ditional components. Another challenge is to determine whether uptake of complementary services will work without conditions and, if not, what types of conditionality would be appropriate. There are many other complementary services and activities that would


be appropriate to link to cash transfer programs serving families affected by HIV and AIDS. These are discussed in the sections that follow.


Facilitating Access to Institutions and Documents One constraint limiting the uptake of social grants is the lack of identification documents, often required for program application and receipt. A number of studies have found that one of the principal reasons that primary caregivers in South Africa do not access the CSG is because they do not have the docu- ments needed to obtain it, such as birth, marriage, and death certificates (Woolard, Carter, and Agüero 2005; Hunter and Adato 2007a, 2007b). Accord- ing to UNICEF, registering a birth is critical to providing a child the right to a name, nationality, and legal identity (UNICEF 2005). Children who are not registered at birth are vulnerable and experience difficulties establishing their identity and forming family ties. In addition to supporting these funda- mental elements of child identity, birth certificates can facilitate children’s access to basic services, such as schooling and social assistance, and protect them against many forms of abuse (UNICEF 2007e). In South Africa, there is a negative correlation between poverty and birth registration, and yet such registration is needed in order to access a cash transfer for the child. In other words, those who most need state support are the least likely to have the documents needed to access that support, and the difficulties of registering births are exacerbated in the context of HIV and AIDS. Birth registration and identification books are needed to access not only cash grants but also housing subsidies, job creation programs, and death benefits (Giese and Smith 2007). The requirement for a birth certificate is a hindrance for accessing cash transfers, but the immediate incentive to regis- ter a birth in order to obtain a grant will make that child more likely to have access to other benefits over her lifetime.


Cash transfer programs can also play a role in supporting birth registration and facilitating access to identification documents for beneficiaries (Chapman 2006). For example, in Paraguay a cash transfer program involved identification campaigns directed at undocumented mothers (Ayala Consulting 2006). Another option to overcome the lack of birth documentation is to give midwives birth registration forms to fill in when babies are born (van Dijk 2007). In Turkey, the CCT program requires that applicants provide marriage certificates or divorce papers to apply for benefits for their children and that


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