the key issues and dilemmas inherent in targeting and discusses targeting systems and experiences with targeting in AIDS-affected contexts. Chapter 4 turns to the question of conditioning cash benefits on participation in ser- vices, exploring the many facets of this debate. Chapters 5–9 examine evi- dence to date on the impacts of unconditional and conditional cash transfers on poverty, education, health, food consumption, and nutrition and consider complementary activities that can be implemented in conjunction with cash transfers to increase their impacts. Chapter 10 draws conclusions on the evi- dence to date on cash transfer performance; the debates raised, including alternative social protection approaches; and conclusions about the potential of cash transfers to strengthen families affected by HIV and AIDS.