have to account for country-specific conditions. Tese investment plans should also be aligned with growth strategies at the subsector and sub- national levels to ensure maximum consistency and development impact.
Designing and implementing these and other
policy and investment priorities will require vision- ary leadership, sound laws and institutions, politi- cians who are accountable and listen to the voices of the people, and a civil society that is patient and accepts the tenets of democracy. Te Arab world has awakened. It is now time to take the steps necessary for a food-secure Arab world with- out poverty.
Africa Moving beyond Recovery to
Economic Transformation Ousmane Badiane, IFPRI
Aſter decades of stagnation, African economies embarked on a remarkable recovery that started
in the late 1990s and continues today. As a region, Sub-Saharan Africa is growing at average rates exceeding 5 percent annually.4 Te next challenge for African countries is to move from recovery to economic transformation (see Box 16). Such a transformation will require countries to raise pro- ductivity in the agricultural and rural sectors while diversifying into higher-productivity, urban-based manufacturing and service sectors that produce higher-value goods and services. Te result would be greater overall economic productivity and prog- ress in liſting rural incomes toward the level of urban incomes.
UNBALANCED GROWTH
During most of the period preceding the current recovery, overall productivity in African countries has stagnated at best. Tis happened because labor migrated from the relatively beter-performing agricultural sector into the nonagricultural sec- tor, which is dominated by the less productive yet rapidly expanding service sector.5 Major factors behind this process have been the relative neglect of agriculture in national polices and the rapid
BOX 16
Pushing for Progress on Agriculture in Africa Tsitsi Makombe, IFPRI
T
he year 2011 brought significant progress in the implementation of
the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme, the African Union’s continent-wide framework guid- ing national efforts to increase agricul- tural growth and progress toward poverty reduction and food and nutrition security. Six countries held Programme roundtables and signed compacts, bringing to 29 the number of countries that have done so. Most countries have now adopted a national agricultural investment plan
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following a technical review of the plan and a business meeting that validated the plan and determined how it would be financed. In the national agricultural invest-
ment plans, countries have pledged to raise their agricultural investment level. The Programme asks govern- ments to increase agricultural spending to 10 percent of national budgets and achieve an annual agricultural growth rate of 6 percent. Based on the latest available data, only 8 countries have
FOOD POLICY TAKING SHAPE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL
reached the 10 percent budget target, while 17 attained growth rates of at least 6 percent in 2009.1 More countries are expected to move toward the bud- get target following their adoption of national agricultural investment plans. For example, Rwanda’s agricultural bud- get share was just 3.5 percent in 2007 when the country signed its compact. But after Rwanda completed a national agricultural investment plan in 2009, the country’s agricultural budget share rose to 6.8 percent by 2010–11.2
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