FIGURE 1 The risk of food insecurity in the Arab countries plus Iran and Turkey, 2011


Tunisia 6.5 9.0


Morocco 8.2


21.6


Algeria 7.3


15.6 Libya 3.4 21.0


Mauritania 20.6 24.2


Sudan 8.4 37.9 Yemen


15.4 59.6


South Sudan Risk of food insecurity


Low Moderate Serious Alarming Extremely alarming


Only macro-level indicator available Only micro-level indicator available Oil exporters


Macro level: Food imports⁄(total exports + net remittances) (%) Micro level: As measured by prevalence of child stunting (%)


Source: C. Breisinger, O. Ecker, P. Al-Riffai, and B. Yu, Beyond the Arab Awakening: Policies and Investments for Poverty Reduction and Food Security,IFPRI Food Policy Report (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2012). Note: The risk of food insecurity describes the vulnerability of countries (macro-level) and households (micro-level).


generates government revenues that can be directed to public spending on food security.


3.


Improve the efficiency and allocation of public spending. Arab countries urgently need to revisit the efficiency and allocation of public spending and make improvements where nec- essary. In general, most oil-exporting coun- tries with fiscal surpluses can compensate for inefficiencies by increasing spending, whereas oil-importing countries with fiscal deficits


must reallocate spending and improve spend- ing efficiency to achieve development goals. Both oil importers and oil exporters, however, should have a genuine interest in achieving higher returns on their spending. A wide array of country-specific factors affects public expen- diture efficiency, such as the level of economic development, the size of the public sector, public-sector competence, governance, political stability, and security of property rights. As in the case of growth strategies, investment plans


REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 81 Djibouti


42.3 32.6


Comoros 49.2 47.0


Somalia Oman


6.2 9.6


West Bank & Gaza


31.9 11.8


Iraq –


27.5


Egypt 8.7


30.7


Bahrain 2.9 9.0


Saudi Arabia 4.0 9.1


UAE


3.4 –


Iran 2.4 16.6


Lebanon 16.5 15.0


Jordan 13.9 8.3


Syria 9.7


28.6


Turkey 2.0


13.9


Kuwait 2.4 3.8


Qatar


2.0 4.0


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