FIGURE 1 Emerging economies’ share in global gross domestic product (GDP), population, and crop production, 2011
10 15 20 25 30
0 5
GDP Population Maize Rice Wheat
Source: GDP and population data are from the International Finance Corporation. Crop production data are from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAOSTAT database, faostat.fao. org. Note: Share of crop production is for 2010.
Brazil China India
action plan on food price volatility and agriculture. And on October 30, 2011, the agriculture min- isters of Brazil, China, India, and Russia met in Chengdu, China, to discuss agricultural develop- ment and cooperation among themselves and with other developing countries. Tese ministers believe that the stable and robust agricultural develop- ment of their countries is important to world food security and see this as an especially critical strat- egy for reducing hunger in the South.2 Emerging economies increasingly affect growth and develop- ment prospects in developing countries through direct links, such as aid, trade, and foreign direct investments, and through indirect linkages, such as commodity prices and competition in Tird-World markets.3 In December 2011, the Fourth High-Level
the principal forum for managing global economic problems. Tese emerging economies are chang- ing the structure and nature of the global landscape and global governance, and their important role in addressing global food security, in particular, was frequently acknowledged and discussed at high- level ministerial meetings in 2011. On June 22 and 23, 2011, for example, the G20 agricultural ministers met in Paris to develop an
Forum on Aid Effectiveness, held in Busan, South Korea, highlighted the increasing importance of South–South cooperation in development.4 South– South cooperation is now seen as a seamless part of the International Fund for Agricultural Develop- ment’s country program.5 A number of emerging economies—includ-
ing Brazil, China, India, Malaysia, South Africa, Turkey, and a number of countries in the Middle
BOX 12
China and African Agriculture: Rumors and Realities Deborah Brautigam, IFPRI
S
eparating rumors from realities about Chinese engagement in African
agriculture is not easy. Reports have claimed the Chinese set up a US$5 bil- lion fund for African agriculture, sent a million farm workers to Africa, pledged US$800 million to modernize agriculture in Mozambique, or farmed huge tracts in Zimbabwe or Ethiopia. Fieldwork by several researchers presents a different picture: Chinese engagement in African
70
agriculture is both more diverse and smaller than is often believed. Take Chinese aid, for example.
Between 1964 and 2009, Chinese aid teams constructed at least 142 agricul- tural projects, including state farms, irrigation schemes, and demonstra- tion centers for African governments. Yet these projects’ poor sustainabil- ity caused the Chinese to revise their approach and give Chinese companies a leadership role.
STEPPING INTO THE GLOBAL FOOD SYSTEM Thus, in an experiment launched in
2006, Chinese aid is financing 20 agro- technology research, training, and dem- onstration centers in Africa. A Chinese research institute or agribusiness firm is building each one at a cost of US$6 to 9 million. The centers will specialize in activities chosen by the host country. For example, Ethiopia wants its center to demonstrate the complete value chain for horticulture exports. China will provide additional aid to help run each center
Percentage
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