FIGURE 1 Carbon dioxide emissions in developed and developing countries, 1990–2010 (PgC) 5.0


4.5


Developed: Production Developed: Consumption Developing: Production Developing: Consumption


Developed countries (Annex B) 4.0


3.5


3.0


Developing countries (non-Annex B) 2.5


2.0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010


Source: Figure 2 in G. P. Peters, G. Marland, C. Le Quéré, T. Boden, J. G. Canadell, and M. R. Raupach, “Rapid Growth in CO2 Emissions after the 2008–2009 Global Financial Crisis,” Nature Climate Change 2, no. 1 (2012): 2–4, doi:10.1038/nclimate1332. Note: Carbon dioxide emissions are for fossil fuels.


shown to enhance crop yields, soil carbon stocks, and incomes from agricultural production. Simi- larly, introducing improved feeds for dairy catle decreases methane emissions per liter of milk and increases profitability in most parts of Kenya. Tese improved practices can allow livestock pro- ducers to reduce the numbers of livestock and lower overall emissions while increasing food pro- duction and food security. In the arid zone, farmers can use irrigation and soil and water conservation methods to maximize soil carbon and agricul- tural profits. Tese win-win-win actions, however, have yet to be strategically exploited. To do so will require building capacity among decisionmakers at the national level to ensure that they explicitly


include climate change adaptation and mitigation in their agricultural productivity and food security strategies and policies. It will also require improv- ing farmers’ access to financial resources, such as voluntary carbon markets and adaptation and miti- gation funds.5


NEW EVIDENCE ON THE THREATS TO AGRICULTURE FROM CLIMATE CHANGE


To illustrate the challenges in mitigating green- house gas emissions, Figure 1 contrasts trends in domestic carbon dioxide emissions in developed and developing countries. For developed coun- tries, emissions from domestic production have


CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE 43


CO2 emissions (Pg C)


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