Access To Justice
See also Fatima Sadiqi, Morocco: Gender at Heart of New Constitution, 9/6/11, available at
http://www.common-
groundnews.org/article.php?id=30326&lan=en&sp=0 (constitutional reforms encourage creation of women’s rights organizations).
Endnotes for Access To Justice continued 14
15 See e.g., Article 109 of the Moroccan Constitutional
Reform which forbids illicit attempts to influence a judge and disapproves a judge’s failure to act independently and impartially.
16 Articles 129 et seq. of the Moroccan Constitutional
Reform. 17
See Paul Silverstein, supra (Adoption of Berber lan-
guage as official language “does put Morocco ahead of its North African neighbors in respect for indigenous rights.”)
18 Article 118 of the Moroccan Constitutional Reform.
Professor Silverstein sums up various provisions relating to access to justice as well as other matters, including articles seeking to protect criminal defendants’ rights and others seeking to ensure good governance through interposing guarantees against corruption. See Paul Sil- verstein, supra; and see also, e.g., Article 36 of the Mo- roccan Constitutional Reform (anti-corruption).
28 19 But see Marina Ottaway, supra (“king reserves three
areas as his exclusive domain: religion, security issues, and strategic major policy choices … and will remain the supreme arbiter among political forces”). See also Ste- ven Erlanger, Morocco King Proposes Limited Steps to Democracy, N.Y. TIMES, June 17, 2011, available at http://
www.nytimes.com/2011/06/18/world/africa/18morocco. html.
20 See Paul Schemm, Moroccan activists call for election
boycott, ASSOCIATED PRESS, November 15, 2011, avail- able at
http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ ALeqM5iaj2RO1q0MIu4SH6YX3ND0vPEJ2g?docId=5b bc3e55e0a043118a3e4b11d2d05288 See also Adnane Bennis, Implementation of New Constitution Is Key to Put Morocco on the Path Toward Genuine Democracy, MOROCCO WORLD NEWS, November 19, 2011, avail- able at
http://moroccoworldnews.com/2011/11/imple- mentation-of-new-constitution-is-key-to-put-morocco-on- the-path-toward-genuine-democracy/15474 (reporting on conference held on November 15, 2011, where panel- ists, among other things, forecast possible election out- comes). The elections are scheduled to occur after this article was submitted for publication.
21 Katie Zoglin, supra at 965.
22 “February 20” is the name given to the protests in Mo- rocco which were named after “the day of their largest
ILSA Quarterly » volume 20 » issue 2 » December 2011
initial gathering” on February 20, 2011. Paul Silverstein, supra. It does not merely refer to a single day.
23 See Paul Silverstein, supra. 24 Marina Ottaway, supra. The protests “were relatively
small” compared to those in Tunisia and Egypt and “nev- er succeeded in mobilizing huge crowds similar to those that brought down” the governments there. Id.
25 See Fatima Sadiqi, Morocco: Gender at Heart of New
Constitution (constitutional rights need to be translated from “rights on paper into rights in practice.”). See also The German Marshall Fund of the United States, After the King’s Speech – Constitutional Reform and the Outlook for Change in Morocco, July 11, 2011, available at http://
www.gmfus.org/events/event_view?event.id=1507
26 King Mohamed VI Throne Day Speech 7/30/11 (full text),
available at
http://moroccansforchange.com/2011/07/30/ king-mohamed-vi-throne-day-speech-73011-full-text- morocco/ See also Benjamin Villanti, On Throne Day in Morocco, King lays out vision for greater democracy, MOROCCO WORLD NEWS, August 2, 2011, available at
http://moroccoworldnews.com/2011/08/on-throne-day-in- morocco-king-lays-out-vision-for-greater-democracy/6095 (quoting King).
27 Professor Sezgin’s advanced degrees reflect extensive
study in Turkey, Israel, the United Kingdom, and the Unit- ed States, and he is the author of the forthcoming book entitled GOD V. ADAM & EVE: HUMAN RIGHTS UNDER RELIGIOUS LAW IN ISRAEL, EGYPT AND INDIA.
28 See Adam Nossiter, Hinting at an End to a Curb on
Polygamy, Interim Libyan Leader Stirs Anger, N.Y. TIMES, October 29, 2011, available at http://www.nytimes. com/2011/10/30/world/africa/libyan-leaders-remark-favor-
ing-polygamy-stirs-anger.html?_r=1&ref=adamnossiter.
29 Fatima Sadiqi, Morocco: Gender at Heart of New Con-
stitution, supra. 30
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). 31 Francis Fukuyama, THE ORIGINS OF POLITICAL OR-
DER: FROM PREHUMAN TIMES TO THE FRENCH REVO- LUTION (2011), p. 482. The assessment of governments, of course, both authoritarian (benevolent or otherwise) and democratic, would need to factor in, among other things, human rights considerations, including the pro- tection of the rights of minorities within the state.
32 Francis Fukuyama, supra, p. 482. 33 Francis Fukuyama, supra, p. 483. 34 Francis Fukuyama, supra, p. 483.
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