HYGIENE 15


Table 2: Gentle hand sanitizing gel, CL-H0017(LA), Lubrizol. Phase A


Ingredients Carbopol®


B C


INCI Deionized Water Ultrez 10 Polymer Carbomer AMP-Ultra PC 2000 (95%) %


28.65 0.50


Aminomethyl Propanol 0.35 Ethanol, Absolute, 190 Proof Alcohol Glucam™* E-20 Humectant Methyl Gluceth-20


Procedure: Disperse Carbopol®*


70.00 Dow Corning 5324 0.50 Aloe Vera Gel Ultrez 10 polymer by sprinkling on the surface of


Deionized Water. After polymer is wetted, mix slowly at low speed. Neutralize with AMP-Ultra™ PC 2000 and mix until unifom. Add Ethanol and Glucam™* E-20 humectant with gentle mixing. Mix until uniform.


Properties: Appearance: Clear gel pH: 7.0-7.5 Viscosity (mPa•s)**: 3,500-4,500 Stability: Passed 3 month @ 45ºC, 2 month @50ºC and 5 freeze/thawcycles


(generally recognised as safe and effective).9


PEG-12 Dimethicone


Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice


0.50 0.10


Procedure: Mix the components of A. After completely solution add the components of B. Stir until homogenous.


Properties: Appearance: Clear gel pH:6.6 Viscosity: (Brookfield, 20ºC 20 rpm 2940 mPa•s


Table 3: Soothing Hand Sanitizer Phase


Ingredients A Water B


Aristoflex Velvet (Clariant) Ethanol


Glycerin


Polyacrylate Crosspolymer-11


Diluent Humectant INCI %


Ad 100 0.45


70.00 2.00


The PVP-Iodine-based antiseptic


rubs are used essentially in hospitals for pre-operative skin disinfection and hand decontamination, e.g. before and after removing gloves. Alcohols in high concentration denature the corona protein and dissolve the lipid membrane of the virus. Due to volatility, alcohol-based sanitiser applied by spraying or pouring has a short-term impact on coronavirus and other microorganisms. It is suitable for quick antiviral treatment of not only hands but of small surfaces, e.g. door handle, smartphone or change received in a store. Healthcare hand antiseptics differ from domestic sanitisers, the key topic of our review, in the more conservative compositions as well as the target consumers because the first ones are intended primarily for professionals in hospitals, clinics, and nursing homes. Two sanitiser formulations suggested by


WHO are based on ethanol or isopropanol. The WHO recommends two compositions (v/v): (1) 80% ethanol, 1.45% glycerol, and 0.125% hydrogen peroxide; and (2) 75% isopropanol, 1.45% glycerol, and 0.125% hydrogen peroxide. Both were widely evaluated and described as effective against spores, bacteria, and viruses.8,9,10 These WHO recommendations are now taken as the basis for health directives in many countries. So, in response to the demand for


alcohol-based sanitisers, the United States accepted both WHO’s formulations for the entire duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, while avoiding any improvisations in their composition, as follows from the highlighted text (Fig 2) in the Guidance for Industry.10


The only deviation in the


formulation (2) consist of the reduced glycerol dosage from 1.45% to 0.725%


November 2020


(v/v). The motive: glycerol negatively impacts the effectiveness of isopropyl alcohol. As recently reported,11


the two WHO-


recommended formulations failed to meet the effectiveness requirements of the European Norm 1500, which measures how many living bacteria remain on contaminated fingertips after using hand sanitiser. The team of German and Swiss scientists recommend modifying the formulations using less glycerol, because it reduces the effectiveness against SARS- CoV-2. The modified formulations proposed in the study11


consist of: (1) 80%


ethanol, 0.725% glycerol, and 0.125% hydrogen peroxide; and (2) 75% isopropanol, 0.725% glycerol, and 0.125% hydrogen peroxide. The small concentration of hydrogen peroxide, a supplementary active ingredient in a hospital-grade hand sanitiser, is needed for eliminating spores in a recipient. The use of 3% H2


O2


and phospholipid solubilisers. Along with polyols, many other ingredients could be added to hydroalcoholic hand sanitisers as humectants and emollients. As revealed by the WHO brief,8


non-toxic and


hypoallergenic humectants or emollients can be used for sensitive skin. Also, it is mentioned that there is not enough data for estimating the benefits of a thickening agent in the above-mentioned sanitisers, and to add e.g. a polyacrylate co-polymer can complicate production, increase costs, and potentially put at risk antimicrobial efficacy. The same is said there with respect to perfumes. In the case of any additional ingredients, full justification should be provided along with documented safety of the additive, its compatibility with the other ingredients, and all relevant details should be placed on the product label. Nevertheless, producers of specialty


or more might not be safe enough


taking into account its corrosive nature. For alcohol-based sanitisers, the 30-second time of rubbing is recommended. However, it is noted that most people do not do this procedure for so long. Glycerol is a known humectant that


enhances skin tolerance of the alcohol- based product. Also, low-molecular-weight polyols, such as glycerol, sugars, 2,4- methyl-2-pentanediol, and certain amino acids are recognised as stabilisers of protein native structure and protein and enzyme assemblies (see e.g. Reference 12). Therefore, delayed deactivation of coronavirus spikes could be anticipated. On the other hand, urea, ethoxylated nonionics, carboxylic acids, acylated amino acids, such as lauroyl sarcosine, some cationic and amphoteric surfactants are proper candidates to protein denaturants


chemicals offer various polymer thickeners for sanitising gels to address global demand due to COVID-19 crisis. Thickened sanitisers are considered more user-friendly than alcohol-based liquids and act for a longer time. The guidelines mentioned above follow a principle of minimalism, mainly addressed to all countries in the pandemic period. Highlighting your product on store


shelves and the market diversity remain among important selling drivers. Surprisingly, such highlighting is possible even due to the use of substandard ethanol. Any manufacturer of whiskey or vodka has an aromatic distillate residue enriched with fusel alcohols (fusel oils), which cannot be used in drinks but are suitable for sanitiser making. Depending on the kind of fermentation, the fusel alcohol includes a number of C3-C5 alcohols with a minor content of aldehydes and phenethyl alcohol that potentially enhances the


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