14 HYGIENE


The Firm does not add other active or inactive ingredients, such as ingredients to improve the smell or taste, due to the risk of accidental ingestion in children. Different or additional ingredients may impact the quality and potency of the product.


Figure 2: Quotation from the Guidance for Industry addressed to American manufacturers of alcohol-based hand sanitisers.


latter will cause you a runny nose or sore throat, with which you go around for several days and get well after all. But with SARS-CoV-2, things are different. It cannot be dismissed that this virus, due to its enhanced mutagenicity and adaptability, will remain with us for a long time. The lipid membrane and spikes of


COVID-19 are quite sensitive to drying and heating. At room temperature, this coronavirus can retain its infectious potential on inanimate surfaces for up to 9 days. At temperatures of 30 °C and UV light, its persistence is much shorter. Depending on the concentration and pH, the virus can be killed by alcohols, aldehydes, soaps, detergents, cationics, peroxides, phenolic, halogen-containing, and other biocides. Like other enveloped viruses, COVID-19 is characterised by limited survival outside the host location, but it is easily transmitted by the aerosol droplets during coughing, sneezing, and breathing directly or via contaminated surfaces from the host to host. COVID-19 has a fairly high adaptability, which allows it to avoid our immune system, not capitulate to conventional antiviral drugs and cause persistent infections.


Our personal tools of prophylactic aids Key preventative measures to minimise COVID-19 infection are well known. This set of measures includes social distance, disinfection, cleaning and ventilation of local and public spaces, regular hand cleaning, wearing a protective mask outside the home, and avoiding contact with potentially contaminated surfaces in public places. General preventive measures are heard in the media, and can also be found on the website of WHO2


methods, particularly on hand sanitisers and antibacterial soaps. But using them is not enough because the devil is in the details as we know. The continuing hard epidemiological


situation entails a revision of consumer preferences, in particular, there is a growing demand for products with antiviral, cleaning, protective, and anti- inflammatory properties. Cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, suppliers of specialty chemicals, and bioactive ingredients are basically ready for this challenge and are offering their new solutions at a larger scale. So, we tried to review here some fruitful approaches that can be addressed to formulators and forward-thinking consumers in order to ultimately help everyone avoid this dangerous viral disease.


Current hand sanitisers The consumer hand sanitisers are leave-on antiseptics that kill bacteria and viruses on our skin. They are recommended to use when soap and water are not available and are left on and not rinsed off with water. Because of the pandemic COVID-19, the global year-over-year sales of hand sanitisers are expected to have 600–650% growth (in some countries 16 times!) from 2019 with projected revenue over $11 billion in 2020.7


The hand sanitiser market


has well-established sales channels involving pharmacies, supermarkets, department stores and e-commerce supplies. CleanWell, Clorox, Dial/Henkel, GOJO, Guangzhou Beaver Cosmetic,


Himalaya, Kimberly-Clark, P&G, Reckitt Benckiser, Unilever, and 3M are mentioned among leaders of the hand sanitiser market. The major end-users are households, schools and universities, government, military, food industry, hotels, restaurants, various shops, and offices. Hand sanitisers are available in various


forms, among which liquids, sprays, gels, and non-aerosol foams are most requested. Among these, the commercial segment of gels and foams had ca. two-thirds of the sanitiser market share in 2019 and is expected to lead for the coming years. Hand sanitisers are rather segmented into alcohol-based and alcohol-free formulations. Due to their effectiveness and formulation simplicity, alcohol-based sanitisers have the most demand, particularly as products for developing countries and hospital-grade antiseptics, with the market share is of 90% or more. The simplest compositions are usually based on a 60–95% solution of ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or mixtures thereof. This concentration interval is in line with the WHO recommendations8


based on


available suspension tests against SARS- CoV and MERS-CoV. The US Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends also that it be an alcohol- based hand sanitiser containing at least 60 percent alcohol. Hydroalcoholic hand sanitisers as well as


hospital-grade sanitisers based on PVP- Iodine (with 7.5 ± 2.5% polyvinyl pyrrolidone/iodine complex) were approved earlier by FDA as GRASE


Table 1: Proper neutralisers for Carbomer polymers in hydroalcoholic systems Trade Names


INCI Name and


other respected organisations. In short, we must remain wary, because the threat of a pandemic has not passed, and the possibility of new outbreaks remains. People continue to be concerned about maintaining their personal health, and in this, they need to come to the rescue and help make the right choice. As with all enveloped viruses,


coronavirus is successfully destroyed by the most non-specific disinfectants and conventional sterilisation practices. Here we will deal a little with this aspect, but let us focus more on the existing aids for the personal prevention and protection


PERSONAL CARE EUROPE


NaOH (18%) KOH (18%) TEA(99%)


Tris Amino (40%)1


AMP Ultra PC20001


Neutrol TE2


Triisopropanolamine3 Ethomeen C-254


Sodium Hydroxide Potassium Hydroxide Triethanolamine Tromethamine


Aminomethamine Propanol


Tetrahydroxypropyl Ethylenediamine


Triisopropanolamine PEG-15 Cocamine


Suppliers: 1. Angus/Dow 2. BASF 3 Dow 4 Nouryon


November 2020


Maximum Alcohol Level


20% 30%


60%-70% 60%


80% 90% 90% >90% Neutralization Ratio


Base/Carboopol® 2.3/1.0


2.7/1.0 1.5/1.0 3.3/1.0


0.9/1.0 2.3/1.0


1.5/1.0 6.2/1.0


Polymer


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