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September, 2022
Major Advance in Semiconductor Materials
TE CHNOLOG IES X-ray technology like no other Continued from page 6
as the Hall effect, couldn’t accu- rately determine its properties. The researchers said that
ionized impurities weakened the material’s performance by strongly scattering the charge carriers, although other impuri- ties — called “neutral impurities” — had less of an impact. “The sample was not uni-
form, but you can see the poten- tial locally,” said Ren. “If you had a crystal free of defects, mobility could be potentially much higher than predicted. We are in contin- uous research to figure that out.” Another research team from
UH and six Chinese universities and institutions have reported the use of transient reflectivity microscopy to measure the elec- tron and hole mobility. Researchers used laser puls-
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es to excite carriers in the sam- ple to monitor their diffusion and, in the process, discovered a key difference between the cubic boron arsenide crystal and most semiconducting materials. In sil- icon, for example, electrons move about four times more quickly than holes.
In this case, the holes move
more quickly than electronics, but both exhibited unusually high mobility, improving the ma- terial’s overall performance.
Crystal Structure The structure of the cubic
boron arsenide crystal makes it more difficult for the charge carri- ers to cool, meaning they main- tain the heat — and the resulting high mobility — for longer. The researchers reported mobility similar to the predicted levels, but noted that additional experi- ments revealed a mobility of more than 3,000 cm2V-1s-1, which they attributed to “hot electrons.” Hot electrons maintain the
heat, or energy, generated by a laser pulse longer than they do in most other materials. The same was true of holes in the material. The findings depended in
part on measuring a section of the crystal with few or no impu- rities. The sample was not uni- form and the researchers found the highest mobility at spots with the fewest impurities. Web:
http://www.uh.edu r
Microbial Biofilms for Electricity Generation
Continued from page 1 The secret behind this new
biofilm is that it makes energy from the moisture on human skin. Though we read daily sto- ries about solar power, at least 50 percent of the solar energy reaching the earth goes toward evaporation. “This is a huge untapped
source of energy,” says Jun Yao, “professor of electrical and com- puter engineering at UMass. Since the surface of our skin is constantly moist with sweat, the biofilm can “plug in” and convert the energy locked in evaporation into enough energy to power small devices. “The limiting factor of wear-
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able electronics,” says Yao, “has always been the power supply. “ Batteries run down and have to be changed or charged. They are also bulky, heavy and uncomfort- able.” But, a small thin and flex- ible biofilm that produces a con- tinuous supply of electricity, and can be worn like a Band-Aid, is applied as a patch directly to the skin and solves these problems. What makes this work is that
G. Sulfurreducens grows in colonies that look like thin mats, and each of the individual mi- crobes connects to its neighbors through a series of natural nanowires. The team then har- vests these mats and uses a laser
to etch small circuits into the films. Once the films are etched, they are sandwiched between elec- trodes and finally sealed in a soft, sticky, breathable polymer that can be applied directly to the skin. Once this tiny battery is “plugged in” it can power small devices. “Our next step is to increase
the size of our films to power more sophisticated skin-wear- able electronics,” says Yao. One of the goals of the team is to pow- er entire electronic systems, rather than single devices. Web:
www.umass.edu r
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