Living with leopards 207
2012; Persson et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2016; Krishnakumar et al., 2020). Despite the government mandate supporting compensation payments in India, the evaluation, implemen- tation and payment procedures vary across the Indian states (Karanth et al., 2018). The public perception of predators could be altered through the implementation of an effective, cross-sector and collaborative financial compensation scheme for livestock losses, which is currently lacking in Jammu and Kashmir, but such schemes have been imple- mented in 26 other states across India (Karanth et al., 2018). In light of the rising incidence of negative human– wildlife interactions in the region and throughout Jammu and Kashmir, effective mechanisms for reporting and re- sponding to depredation and providing compensation should be developed with community participation. The sustaina- bility of financial compensation can be ensured through insurance schemes, or with full or partial funding by the Department of Wildlife Protection or an external agency, processes that have been adopted in other states across India. These schemes can achieve positive conservation outcomes when tailored to local settings. Achieving carnivore conservation whilst preserving
human well-being in human-dominated landscapes has become a major challenge for conservationists (Athreya et al., 2015). Conflict reduction in nations such as India, where human–wildlife coexistence is mostly involuntary, will necessitate not just educating people but also changes to the social and economic setting (Bombieri et al., 2023). Together with a carefully designed financial compensation programme, improved animal husbandry practices (e.g. guarded corrals, fenced livestock yards, guard dogs and kraaling livestock during night time; McManus et al., 2015; Naha et al., 2020) could have a significant impact on the management of human–wildlife conflict in Kishtwar National Park. In addition, a sustained education and awareness programme regarding the significance of conserving carnivores and their prey base, particularly amongst younger stakeholders, is required to raise the social carrying capacity of wildlife in the protected area. The insights from our study have implications for such a conflict management programme and could help deter- mine the future of human–carnivore conflict in the region.
Author contributions Study design: MAK, NS; data collection: MAK; data analysis: MAK, AS; writing: MAK; revision: all authors.
Acknowledgements We thank the Department of Wildlife Protection,Government of Jammu and Kashmir, for the necessary per- mits to work in Kishtwar National Park; the WildlifeWarden Chenab Circle, Majid Bashir, for his help during the field surveys; and Kulbhushan Singh Suryawanshi for helpful comments on the text.
Conflicts of interest None.
Ethical standards This research abided by the Oryx guidelines on ethical standards. In the absence of a local institutional research ethics
committee we describe in the Methods how the research met appro- priate ethical standards. We obtained permission for carrying out the research from the Department of Wildlife Protection, Govern- ment of Jammu and Kashmir (letter no. WLP/Res/2017-18/659-62, dated 12 October 2017). We obtained informed verbal consent from all respondents prior to the interviews and we anonymized the data obtained.
Data availability The data that support the findings of this study include information obtained through interviews with individuals. To uphold privacy and ethical standards, these data are available on request from the corresponding author.
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Oryx, 2024, 58(2), 202–209 © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605323001278
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