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should then involve working with the sample countries to fill data gaps, which in many cases will involve identifying and recognizing existing areas as other effective area-based conservation measures (Gurney et al., 2021), and providing additional resources and support for the lower-income nations. More broadly, we suggest that this approach based on using data collected from a representative sample of countries could be used to produce global estimates of other conservation metrics. This is important because, as reflected in Target 3 of the Global Biodiversity Framework (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2022), increasing the effectiveness of conservation area networks involves more than expanding the area under management. In particular, our sampling approach could be used to collect data re- lated to costs and management effectiveness (Coad et al., 2015; Iacona et al., 2018) and social impacts, governance and equity (Dawson et al., 2018; Naidoo et al., 2019), help- ing monitor progress towards meeting international con- servation targets and policies.
Acknowledgements We acknowledge funding from the University of Kent’s PhD Scholarship and Faculty Grant programmes and UK Research and Innovation’s Global Challenges Research Fund (UKRI GCRF) through the Trade, Development and the Environment Hub project (project number ES/S008160/1). We thank Lincoln Fishpool and Mike Hoffmann for their role in identifying the factors used in the analysis.
Author contributions Conceptualization: NDB, NK, ZGD, RJS; study design: RES, DJ-B, KM, PJS, MJS, PV, NDB, NK, ZGD, RJS; data analysis: RES, HMKON, RJS; writing: all authors.
Conflicts of interest None.
Ethical standards This research abided by the Oryx guidelines on ethical standards. Data availability Data are available from the authors on request.
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Oryx, 2024, 58(2), 192–201 © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605323000625
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