238 H. D. Slater et al.
2009). Conservation actions in human-modified forests will therefore be key to prevent extinctions in the tropics and sustain healthy, resilient mammal populations.
Acknowledgements We thank the Ministry of Research and Technology, RISTEK, Indonesia, the Nature Conservation Agency, BKSDA, Indonesia, and Gunung Leuser National Park for granting us permission to undertake this research; all staff from RISTEK, Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser, and Universitas Syiah Kuala for their in-country support; the Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme, the Aras Napal Community Group and Invisible Flock for their contributions at various stages; and the following people for their invaluable contributions: Matthew Nowak, Ucok, Supriadi, Suprayudi, Rusman and Nursal. Funding was provided by Bournemouth University. Climate data loggers were supplied by Tempcon Instrumentation Ltd., Ford, UK.
Author contributions Study conceptualization and design: HDS, PKG, AA, S, AHK; field data collection: HDS, VP, BE, SF, S; data analysis: HDS; writing: HDS; revision: HDS, PKG, AHK.
Conflicts of interest None.
Ethical standards All field research in Indonesia adhered to the legal requirements for foreign researchers in Indonesia, with the required research visa (permit numbers: 70/SIP/FRP/E5/
Dit.KI/III/2018 and 6/E5/E5 4/SIP EXT/2019). We obtained an entry permit (Surat Izin Masuk Kawasan Konservasi, SIMAKSI) for Gunung Leuser National Park prior to starting the work, and permission to place cameras from landowners and Aras Napal residents. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Bournemouth University prior to commencement and adhered to the Oryx guidelines on ethical stan- dards. This research was carried out in collaboration with researchers and conservationists from Syiah Kuala University in Banda Aceh, the Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme and the Aras Napal Community Group. This study used non-intrusive observatory meth- ods only and great care was taken to prevent any potential disturbances to the forest and wildlife.
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Oryx, 2024, 58(2), 228–239 © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605323000212
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