Decline of Indian primates 175


FIG. 6 Spatial distribution of the population status studies conducted on Indian primates during 2000–2021.


threatened (including 35% Vulnerable and 35%Endangered) on the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2021). Establishing reliable baseline data on species distribution and population status using appropriate methods would offer insights into popula- tion trends across a temporal scale aswell as species’ responses to changing habitats (Lyons et al., 2008; Jones et al., 2019). Routine wildlife population monitoring (Nichols &


Williams, 2006), in addition to serving as a foundation for evaluating ecosystem functioning, conservation success and intensity of threats faced by wildlife (Stokes et al., 2010), also offers a comparative view of the effectiveness of different conservation strategies (Ferraro & Pattanayak, 2006). For example, population monitoring of bonnet macaques over


the past 3 decades has shown a sharp decline, with a 70% reduction in population size, which has been attributed mainly to habitat loss (decreased vegetation cover and can- opy connectivity) because of urbanization (Erinjery et al., 2017). Population monitoring of rhesus macaques over 6 decades has shown varying trends, with population size de- creasing by 90% during the 1960s and 1970s, followed by a partial recovery during the 1980s (Southwick & Siddiqi, 1994) and a substantial population growth of 203% during 1995–2010 (Imam & Ahmad, 2013). To evaluate population trends, a representative population of the target primate species must be identified and monitored in each habitat at least once every 3 years (Singh et al., 2020). To better


Oryx, 2024, 58(2), 167–178 © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605323000716


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