Decline of Indian primates 169
FIG. 1 Flow diagram of the searching, appraisal, synthesis and analysis (SALSA) method used in the literature review. The left-hand side of the diagram shows the four main processes of the review, with the components of these processes shown on the right-hand side (following Shrestha et al., 2022).
to report on primate populations in a given area (and thus could not compare observed populations to previous stud- ies) categorized populations as either small or stable/good. The majority of publications (71%) reported a declining population trend of the target species, followed by increas- ing (16%) and stable (13%) population trends. Declining population trends were attributed mostly to modifications of natural systems, such as habitat loss and fragmentation. Amongst the studies indicating declining population trends, 67% reported on only six primate species. For example, all nine reports on western (n = 5) and eastern (n = 4) hoolock gibbons showed declining population trends across the sur- veyed areas. Recovering population trends were reported for the Nicobar long-tailed macaque Macaca fascicularis umbrosus populations in coastal areas, which had been affected by a tsunami. A number of factors could affect
the population dynamics of this species; for example, groups of crop-using macaques that had come into conflict with people may have moved from forest interiors to coas- tal areas. However, the observed population recovery is generally regarded as having been caused by the regeneration of native vegetation in coastal areas follow- ing the evacuation of people after the tsunami, which cre- ated space and suitable habitat for the species to thrive (Narasimmarajan & Raghunathan, 2012; Velankar et al., 2016). The increasing population trend reported by 16%of the analysed studies was, however, mainly attributed to im- proved knowledge (i.e. increased spatial coverage compared to previous studies; Kumar et al., 2018) or to the effective protection offered to species by religious customs or cultural norms (Chaudhuri et al., 2007). For example, the increasing population trend of the lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus
Oryx, 2024, 58(2), 167–178 © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605323000716
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