236 H. D. Slater et al.
TABLE 5 Coefficient estimates for the generalized linear model with Poisson distribution testing the effects of environmental variables on the number of overall mammal detection events (N = 19 loca- tions) at Aras Napal, Indonesia (Fig. 5).
Model 1 Intercept ± SE
Maximum temperature ± SE (°C) Minimum temperature ± SE (°C) Tree height ± SE (m)
Diameter at breast height ± SE (cm) AIC
*P,0.05; **P,0.01; ***P,0.001.
detection events were associated with reports of the ele- phants entering commercial plantations (H.D. Slater, unpubl. data, 2019). There is no evidence of elephants foraging in or damaging smallholder plantations, and resi- dents of Aras Napal generally have a favourable attitude towards them. We found no evidence of large carnivores utilizing forest edges, and there are no reports of them
27.47* ± 10.72
−0.13*** ± 0.03 −1.14* ± 0.49 −0.11*** ± 0.02
0.19*** ± 0.03 171.89
entering agricultural areas. Although reported human– wildlife interactions are relatively infrequent and local toler- ance of wildlife remains high (H.D. Slater, unpubl. data, 2019), the situation warrants monitoring to ensure human–wildlife conflict remains low. Although we found clear relationships between mammal detections and temperature, tree height and tree diameter, there are other factors that are probably important drivers of mammal occurrence. Higher human foot traffic and hunting risk lead to more vigilant animal behaviours or the avoidance of areas with high human impact (e.g. wol- verines Gulo gulo; Stewart et al., 2016). Differences in species composition and food availability at the forest edge also in- fluence the distribution of species, and the effects of abiotic changes at the forest edge could therefore be indirect. Deer, for example, are preferred prey for tigers (Allen et al., 2021) and were detected less frequently near the forest edge. Because of our relatively small study area and the low population density of some mammal species, the sample sizes were too small to perform more detailed analyses.
FIG. 5 Generalized linear model predictions (lines) with 95% CIs (grey shading) and observed numbers of mammal detections against (a) maximum temperature, (b) minimum temperature, (c) tree height and (d) diameter at breast height on the total number of mammal detection events at Aras Napal, Indonesia (Table 5).
Oryx, 2024, 58(2), 228–239 © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605323000212
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