TABLE 1(Cont.)


Conservation status


Species


Lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus


Bonnet macaque Macaca radiata


IUCN WLPA EN I


VU II


No. of studies Study location (State)


4


Tamil Nadu (1); Karnataka (2); Kerala (1)


5 Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Goa & Karnataka (1); Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala (1); Goa (1); Karnataka (2)


Nicobar long-tailed macaque Macaca fascicularis umbrosus


Gibbons Eastern hoolock gibbon Hoolock leuconedys


Western hoolock gib- bon Hoolock hoolock


VU I 4


Great Nicobar Island (3); Andaman & Nicobar Islands (1)


VU I EN I 4 5


Assam (2); Arunachal Pradesh (2)


Protection status of the study site(s)


PA(3); both PA & NPA (1)


PA (1); NPA (1); both PA & NPA (3)


NPA (3); both PA & NPA (1)


PA (3); NPA (1)


Assam (4); Meghalaya (1) PA (2); NPA (1); both PA & NPA (2)


Methods used


All count (3); line transects (1)


Line transects (3) All count (1); random sampling & direct sighting (1)


Distance sampling (1); line transects (3)


Line transects (2); line transects & call count (2)


Line transects (2); all count (1); random sampling (1); call count and all count (1)


Main direct threats [IUCN threat code]


Natural system modifica- tions [7]; biological resource use [5]


Natural system modifica- tions [7]; biological resource use [5]


Natural system modifica- tions [7]; human intrusions & disturbance [6]


Natural system modifica- tions [7]; human intrusions & disturbance [6]


Natural system modifica- tions [7]; human intrusions & disturbance [6]


Local popula- tion trend


Declining (2); increasing (1); stable (1)


Declining (4); increasing (1)


Global popu- lation trend


Declining Declining


Increasing (1); recovering (3)


Declining


Declining (4) Declining Declining (5) Declining


172 S. Hameed et al.


Oryx, 2024, 58(2), 167–178 © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605323000716


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