862 R. James et al.
FIG. 1 The articles included in our review were classified by sectors relating to environment and conservation. ‘Natural resources’ refers broadly to management of land and agricultural systems, water and water catchments, and oceans and reefs. ‘Other’ refers to some articles that covered women in society, science and/or leadership more generally. Sixty-two articles referred to multiple sectors.
FIG. 3 In the analysis of the 230 articles in this review, five broad themes emerged that affect how and why women engage in conservation and management of natural resources.
women in environment and conservation efforts leads to improved outcomes. For example, a study in Bangladeshi wetlands showed that community compliance with resource management regulations was greater when both men and women played an active role in conserving and managing common pool natural resources (rather than just men; Sultana & Thompson, 2008). However, several themes emerged relating to barriers and enabling conditions for women to participate in conservation and natural resource management (Fig. 3, Supplementary Table 1). There were five major themes, all of which are interconnected, and many studies we reviewed covered multiple themes.
(1) Existing societal norms affect women in conservation
FIG. 2 The articles included in our review were classified by geographical region. ‘Global/General’ refers to articles that referred to global/multi-regional studies or articles not tied to a specific geographical location.
within conservation and natural resource management in- stitutions, to understand and address barriers to women’s engagement (7%, n = 17; Fig. 3). Ten studies (4%) explicitly measured and demonstrated positive impacts for conserva- tion when women were involved.
Discussion
Despite the importance of the issue, only 10 of the 230 studies clearly measured and demonstrated that engaging
More than half of the studies across different countries, eco- system types and cultural settings reported that women are commonly excluded from decision-making in conservation and natural resource management because of societal or cultural norms. Gender-based (and mostly patriarchal) soci- etal norms shape livelihoods and determine access to and decision-making regarding resources, distribution of bene- fits and potential social censure for women seeking to access benefits (Buffum et al., 2010; Barclay et al., 2018; Essougong et al., 2019). This reflects the broader exclusion of women in most societies where men hold primary power and predom- inate in roles of political leadership, perceived moral author- ity, social privilege and control of property (e.g. Nuggehalli & Prokopy, 2009; Kleiber et al., 2018; Oliver et al., 2020). For example, challenges faced by Tanzanian women
in the fisheries sector include societal norms that expect women to carry out most household duties and childcare, leaving limited time for fishing. In addition, there are social taboos allowing men to limit women’s access to fisheries
Oryx, 2021, 55(6), 860–867 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605320001349
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