944 C. Böhm et al.
Acknowledgements We thank the numerous funders and suppor- ters of the enormous body of work this paper encompasses although these are too many to mention individually. Two anonymous referees helped develop earlier drafts of this paper, and Amina Fellous com- mented on the Algeria text. We are unable to mention all the field workers that have contributed to gathering the information presented, but due to the harsh conditions and the difficulties on the ground, we would particularly like to acknowledge the full team of wardens in Morocco who have dedicated their lives to protecting and monitoring the birds. The team continues to do this, often in very tough field conditions, and Mohammed El Gadrouri and Abdallah Essamar de- serve special mention having both been fully involved for 25 years. Likewise, in Syria, the wardens and rangers there have served often through extraordinarily difficult times, well beyond the call of duty, and although many more have been involved, we would like to pay special tribute to Mahmud S. Abdullah and Ahmed Khaber Abdallah.
Author contributions Lead on compiling the information and writ- ing: CB, CGRB, PJS; contribution of updated information from the re- spective range states and projects, and revisions: TH,WO,MEB,MAQ, JF, CY, JML, JFO, DF, MU; overall coordination: CGRB.
Conflicts of interest None.
Ethical standards This work abided by the Oryx guidelines on eth- ical standards.
References AEWA (AGREEMENT ON THE CONSERVATION OF AFRICAN- EURASIAN MIGRATORY WATERBIRDS)(2018) Report of the 2nd Meeting of the AEWA Northern Bald Ibis International Working Group, 25–27 September 2017, Agadir, Morocco. AEWA, Bonn, Germany.
AGHNAJ, A., SMITH, K.W., BOWDEN, C.G.R.&RIBI,M.(2001) Studies of the feeding ecology and habitat use of northern bald ibis, Geronticus eremita, in the Souss-Massa National Park, Morocco. Ostrich, Supplement 15, 197.
AHARONI,J.(1928) DerWaldrapp—Comatibis eremita (L.). Ornithologischer Beobachter, 26, 58–60.
AKÇAKAYA, H.R. (1990) Bald ibis Geronticus eremita population in Turkey: an evaluation of the captive breeding project for reintroduction. Biological Conservation, 51, 225–237.
AOURIR, M., BOUSADIK, H., EL BEKKAY, M.,OUBROU,W., ZNARI,M. &QNINBA,A. (2017) New breeding sites or the Critically Endangered northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita on the Moroccan Atlantic Coast. International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology, 2, 1–4.
ARIHAN,O. (1999) Northern bald ibis in Turkey: experiences from captive breeding and reintroduction programs. In Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita, 2nd EEP Studbook 1999 (ed. C. Böhm), pp. 27–35. Alpenzoo, Innsbruck, Austria.
BAIRLEIN, F., FRITZ, J., SCOPE, A., SCHWENDENWEIN, I., STANCLOVA, G., VAN DIJK, G. et al. (2015) Energy expenditure and metabolic changes of free-flying migrating Northern bald ibis. PLOS ONE, 10,e0134433.
BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (2018) Geronticus eremita. datazone.
birdlife.org/species/factsheet/northern-bald-ibis-geronticus- eremita [accessed 31 December 2018].
BILDSTEIN, K.L. (1984) Age-related differences in the foraging behavior of white ibises and the question of deferred maturity. Colonial Waterbirds, 7, 146–148.
BÖHM,C.(1999) European Endangered Species Program: 2nd Northern Bald Ibis Studbook. Alpenzoo Innsbruck-Tirol, Innsbruck, Austria.
BÖHM,C.(2006) European Endangered Species Program: 3rd Northern Bald Ibis Studbook. Alpenzoo Innsbruck-Tirol, Innsbruck, Austria.
BÖHM,C.&BOWDEN, C.G.R. (2010) Northern Bald Ibis Conservation and ReintroductionWorkshop. Proceedings of 3rd Meeting of the International Advisory Group for Northern Bald Ibis (IAGNBI), November 2009, Palmyra, Syria.
BÖHM,C.&BOWDEN, C.G.R. (2016) Northern Bald Ibis Conservation and Translocation Workshop. Report of 4th Meeting of the International Advisory Group for the Northern Bald Ibis (IAGNBI), August 2016, Seekirchen, Austria.
BÖHM,C.&PEGORARO,K.(2011) Der Waldrapp Geronticus eremita: Ein Glatzkopf in Turbulenzen. Neue Brehm Bücherei, Bd. 659. VerlagsKG Wolf, Magdeburg, Germany.
BÖHM, C., SCHAD, K., FIENIEG,E.&VOORHAM,M.(2018) Long-term Management Plan for the Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita) European Endangered Species Programme (EEP). Alpenzoo Innsbruck-Tirol, Innsbruck, Austria, and EAZA Executive Office, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
BOWDEN, C.G.R. (1998) Last chance for the northern bald
ibis.World Birdwatch, 20, 12–16.
BOWDEN, C.G.R. (ed.) (2015) International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita). AEWA Technical Series, 55, Bonn, Germany.
BOWDEN, C.G.R., AGHNAJ, A., SMITH, K.W. & RIBI,M.(2003) The status and recent breeding performance of the Critically Endangered northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita population on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Ibis, 145, 419–431.
BOWDEN, C.G.R., HAMOUD, A., JBOUR, S., FRITZ, J., PESKE, L., RIEDLER, B. et al. (2012) Attempted supplementation of the relict wild eastern population of northern bald ibis in Syria with Turkish semi-wild juveniles. IUCN Reintroduction Specialists Group Case Studies, Part III, 130–134.
BOWDEN, C.G.R., ORUETA, J.F., LOPEZ, J.M.V., ONRUBIA,A.& QUEVEDO, M.A. (2018) Sightings of reintroduced northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita crossing between Spain and Morocco are probably hand-reared rather than wild-born birds. Oryx, 52, 411–412.
BROOKS, D.J. (1987) Feeding observations on birds in North Yemen. Sandgrouse, 9, 115–120.
BROOKS, D.J., EVANS, M.I.,MARTINS, R.P. & PORTER, R.F. (1987) The status of birds in North Yemen and the records of OSME expedition in autumn 1985. Sandgrouse, 9, 4–114.
COLLAR, N.J. & STUART, S.N. (1985) Threatened Birds of Africa and Related Islands. International Council for Bird Preservation, pp. 74–108. Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland.
DEL HOYO,J., ELLIOT,A. &SARGATAL,J.(eds) (1992)Handbook of the Birds of theWorld,Vol. 1, pp. 472–506. Lynx Edition, Barcelona, Spain.
EL BEKKAY,M.&OUBROU,W.(2004) The Bald Ibis in the Souss- Massa Region (Morocco). In IAGNBI 3rd Newsletter 3 (ed. C. Böhm), pp. 30–31. International Advisory Group of the Northern Bald Ibis, Alpenzoo Innsbruck-Tirol, Innsbruck, Austria.
EL BEKKAY, M., OUBROU,W., RIBI, M., SMITH,K.&BOWDEN,C. (2007) Un programme de conservation pour l’ibis chauve (Geronticus eremita) au Maroc. Ostrich, 78, 155–157.
FELLOUS,A. (2004) A short review of the historical distribution of the northern bald ibis (Geronticus eremita) in Algeria. In IAGNBI 3rd Newsletter 3 (ed. C. Böhm), pp. 48–49. International Advisory Group of the Northern Bald Ibis, Alpenzoo Innsbruck-Tirol, Innsbruck, Austria.
FELLOUS,A. (2011) Last data on the northern bald ibis (Geronticus eremita) in Algeria.
northernbaldibis.blogspot.co.za/2011/12/ last-data-on-northern-bald-ibis.html [accessed 4 October 2016].
Oryx, 2021, 55(6), 934–946 © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605320000198
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164