908 S. P. Mahood et al.
TABLE 2 Step 4: evaluation of logistical and practical risks associated with ex situ conservation of the Bengal florican. Risk area
Present situation1
Harvest of eggs from the wild Community members who find nests may misunderstand & take eggs to their homes before reporting them
Transportation of eggs Equipment
Facilities & infrastructure Staff numbers & skills
Husbandry techniques Food availability
Spread of disease to wild population
Spread of disease within captive facility
Catastrophes (e.g. fire & smoke inhalation, wind, war)
Theft of birds
Revenge attack on facility Financial resources
Clarity of taxonomy
Legal requirements (e.g. permits)
Lack of collaboration between government & non- government stakeholders Health & safety of people
Political conflicts of interest
One vehicle with portable incubator run from car engine
One incubator&foster chickens available, no other specific equipment needed
Temporary enclosure constructed with four compartments
Sufficient staff with experience of keeping birds, experience of care for one adult Bengal florican
Species has never been kept in captivity for more than 3 months
Insects widely sold for human consump- tion in Cambodia, cricket breeding farm in Phnom Penh
Costs prohibit building & staffing a single-species facility, rescued birds of other species are a disease risk at ACCB
Facility is located in a tropical climate in an area with frequent fires
Low value species
No reason to suspect an attack is likely, but possible within cultural context Sufficient for small-scale start up
All birds in source areas are the same taxon
Permits do not exist for facility
Bengal Florican Recovery Team has government & non-government members
Species does not pose a direct risk to people
Misconception that foreigners export Bengal floricans or breed them for food
Cultural conflicts of interest None Score How risk is mitigated1
High Clear protocol developed, WCS community staff communicate clearly & frequently with local people & ACCB
Low Vehicle always kept ready for use Low Keep equipment well maintained
Medium Facilities adequate for short term, in medium term upgrade & expand existing facilities
Low Maintain staff at current levels
Medium Ongoing technical support is available from staff at other facilities with significant experience in husbandry of bustards
Medium Purchase crickets from cricket farm, in medium term develop on-site cricket or insect breeding farm
Captive facility is outside the species range Low None required
Medium Follow standard quarantine protocols, restrict staff movements between cages of Bengal florican & other species
Medium Fire break constructed around facility; fire-fighting service unlikely to travel to facility but there is basic fire-fighting equipment on site
Low Monitor situation Low Monitor situation
Medium Fundraising ongoing, targeting sources that would not fund in situ conservation; project will be promoted widely
Low Birds will not be obtained from outside Cambodia
High Government staff in the recovery team will assist with obtaining permits to harvest eggs from wild birds & transport them to the facility
Low Add stakeholders to team as needed
Low All adults & chicks will be tested for zoonotic diseases
Medium Local government & communities will be consulted & informed about ex situ conservation of Bengal florican
Low None required 1ACCB, Angkor Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity; WCS, Wildlife Conservation Society.
rates of five per year for 5 years; this rises to 85% if harvest rates are 10 per year (Fig. 2). For the best possible scenario, probability of captive programme persistence is 89%evenif egg harvest rates are only five per year for 5 years. The group considered that it was likely that harvest rates would be 5–10 eggs per year, but given the rate of decline of the wild
population it was unlikely that harvest could continue be- yond 5 years. Under the below-average scenario, the captive population
is never successfully established, and under the full-range scenario there is only a 19% chance of persistence of a cap- tive population within 50 years (at egg harvest rates of five
Oryx, 2021, 55(6), 903–915 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605319001510
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164
