936 C. Böhm et al.


TABLE 1 Summary of the status of the estimated global adult northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita population in 2018. Totals for captive populations include non-breeding birds, but totals for semi-captive and free-flying populations are recent counts of actively breeding adult birds only. Semi-captive means only seasonally free-flying and not self-sustaining.


Population/country


Eastern population Syria


Turkey


Western population Algeria


Morocco Spain


Germany (Burghausen) Austria (Kuchl) Austria (Grünau) Austria (Rosegg)


European Endangered Species Programme for the northern bald ibis (92 zoos)


Extra-limital population North America Japan


Non-studbook population (unknown parentage) Europe Total


1Syria figure is uncertain because of access and security issues.


rural development projects were implemented in the area to develop grass-root interest in the species’ conservation. Managing and maintaining the local wardening at both Parc National de Souss-Massa and Tamri has been the main intervention, and has been consolidated recently with Moroccan government support. By 1997 the population had declined to 59 pairs following


the unexplained death of 40 birds in 1996 (Bowden, 1998; Touti et al., 1999), but by 2007 it had recovered to 105 breed- ing pairs (Oubrou & El Bekkay, 2010) and has continued to


increase. By 2014, there was a total of 524 individuals, with 115 pairs raising 192 fledglings. In 2015, 116 pairs bred and there was a post-breeding total population of 584 birds, in- cluding recently fledged juveniles. The total population at the end of the 2018 breeding season was .700 individuals, with a breeding adult population of 147 pairs (Oubrou & El Bekkay, 2018; Table 2). These trends appear to be linked to measures taken by Parc National de Souss-Massa to engage local communities and developwardening capacity. Intensive monitoring of breeding and feeding sites and the provision of


TABLE 2 Breeding productivity of the northern bald ibis in Souss-Massa and Tamri, Morocco. Pooled data from Bowden et al. (2003), El Bekkay et al. (2004) and Oubrou & El Bekkay (2018).


Souss-Massa


2007 50 2008 54 2009 62 2010 57 2011 56 2012 54 2013 53 2014 58 2015 60 2016 58 2017 67 2018 81


74 81 55 90 80 79 56 77


112 111 56 69


110


1.7 1.6 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.5 1.9 1.9 1.0 1.0 1.4


Tamri


41 55 45 49 48 49 11 60 57 56 53 55 66


31 61 2


38 58 59 0


71 80 94 54 83 60


0.8 1.1 0.0 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.0 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.0 1.5 0.9


Morocco total


Year Pairs Fledglings Fledglings/pair Pairs Fledglings Fledglings/ pair Pairs Fledglings Fledglings/ pair 2006 43


84 105 105 142 99


57


111 128 105 138 105 138 65


56


113 148 115 192 116 205 111 110 122 152 147 170


1.3 1.4 0.6 1.2 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.0 1.2 1.2


Oryx, 2021, 55(6), 934–946 © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605320000198


Fully captive


0 0


0 0 0 0 0


1,745


140 110


c. 800 c. 2,350 263 710 108 Semi-captive 0


263 0


0 0 0 0


26 36


Relict free-flying


Reintroduced free-flying


0


708 0 0 0 0 0


0 0


0


72 15 21 0 0


Total


21 02 0


263 0


708 72 15 21 26 36


1,745


140 110


c. 800 c. 3,950


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