820 M. J. Goldman et al.
FIG. 1 General Location of the Tarangire–Manyara Ecosystem, northern Tanzania.
The Tarangire–Manyara Ecosystem is a conservation
landscape that includes one of the highest densities of ani- mal biomass and a large lion Panthera leo population (Kissui, 2008), and is also home to 80–100 villages and 300,000–400,000 people of various ethnicities (Bluwstein, 2018). Research was conducted in two predominantly Maasai villages located within a wildlife corridor area between Lake Manyara and Tarangire National Park, and adjacent to theManyara Ranch, a community conservation area established in 2002 by the African Wildlife Foundation and Tanzanian Land Conservation Trust. Pastoralism is the primary livelihood of resident Maasai, supplemented with small-scale rain-fed cultivation, wage labour (e.g. as guards in the city, game scouts and herders in Manyara Ranch), and small business ventures. Although Maasai have historically shared the rangelands with migratory wildlife (Reid, 2012), increased cultivation, land loss, sedentarization, and climate change are challenging the ability of people and wildlife to live together (Galvin et al., 2008), which is leading to an increase in community conservation activities in the area. Biligiri Ranganathaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve in Karnataka State, South India, is well known for its rich bio- diversity and as prime habitat for the tiger Panthera tigris (Karanth & DeFries, 2010). It has been home to the Soliga Tribe for at least 3 centuries, an adivasi community that has ‘had a continuous and intimate interaction with the forest, deriving most of their basic requirements such as food, fodder, fuel, fruit and fibre from the forest’ (Madegowda, 2009,p. 65). The forest was designated as a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1974, with several Soliga villages resettled in the late 1970s, and as a Tiger Reserve in 2011, which in- creased restrictions on Soliga mobility (Venkatesh et al., 2020) and use of the forest (Rai et al., 2019). In October 2011, however, Soligas in the Biligiri Ranganathaswamy Hills secured legal rights through the Forest Rights Act
FIG. 2 The Biligiri Ranganathaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve in the state of Karnataka, south-west India.
(Madegowda & Rao, 2017), including rights to cultivation, collection of forest produce, grazing, forest conservation, access to sacred sites, and land titles. This was the first tiger reserve in India where forest dwelling communities received forest rights. The area has received a great deal of academic attention, including research on Indigenous ecological knowledge, impacts of bans on traditional management practices, and socio-economic and agricultural changes (Setty et al., 2008; Mandal et al., 2010; Mundoli et al., 2016; Thekaekara et al., 2017). Much of this research has depicted Soligas as a homogenous community, and little research on the region has explicitly addressed gender.
Methods
Ethnographic observations and open-ended interviewswere the primary source of data in both locations. In 2018, in the Biligiri Ranganathaswamy Hills in India we conducted 36 interviews with Soligas (22 women, six men, eight youth) about labour, knowledge and experiences with wildlife, and knowledge about forest rights laws and participation in conservation meetings and activities. We observed one community organization meeting and one women’s meet- ing in winter/spring of 2018 and conducted informal
Oryx, 2021, 55(6), 818–826 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605321000363
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