Blake et al.—Cretaceous seep asteroid
and a species of Pycinaster Spencer, 1907 (Blake et al., 2015). Abundant actinals, uncommon among Paleozoic asteroids, might have arisen as a space-filling device for disk enlargement, the ossicles only later and homoplastically becoming more strongly aligned, perhaps to form efficient water channels or to enhance body flexibility (Blake and Hotchkiss, 2004).
Taxonomic changes
A new asteroid species, Betelgeusia brezinai (Radiasteridae), is described; four species of Betelgeusia, all Cretaceous in age, now are known. A second radiasterid genus, Indiaster,is Jurassic in age. Fossil radiasterids have been recorded from Africa, western Europe, India, and North America. A single fragment is assigned to the forcipulate Pedicellasterinae. Data are insufficient for formal phylogenetic analysis but enough is known to reconstruct many likely aspects of morphology of the ancestral species of Paxillosida.
Acknowledgments
J. Brezina collected the bulk of the specimens, advised on the geology, and donated the specimens to the American Museum of Natural History. The Maude family permitted property access. All localities were discovered and mapped by J. Brezina working with The American Museum of Natural History and other research institutions as part of a hydrocarbon seep map- ping project. N. Landman,M. Garb, K. Cochran, and numerous students assisted in the field. N. Landman obtained necessary permits for collecting on public grasslands. C. Mah and J. Jagt provided valuable manuscript reviews, and we are indebted to J. Jin and S. Zamora for editorial work.
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