Shao et al.—Fortunian cnidarians and cycloneuralians in South China


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Figure 5. Embryos of Pseudooides prima Qian, 1977 (1–3) and hatched stages of Hexaconularia sichuanensis He and Yang, 1986 (4, 5) from the Zhangjiagou Lagerstätte. (1) UMCU.XXPT230; (2) UMCU.XXPT220; (3) UMCU.XXPT200; (4) UMCU.2013ZS001; (5) UMCU.2013ZS002. Scale bar represents 200 μm (1–3), 270 μm(4), and 593 μm(5).


occurred with Hexaconularia sichuanensis (Fig.5.4,5.5).Material of H. sichuanensis is biradially symmetric (Van Iten et al., 2010), while the pinched “germ band” area of P. prima is also biradially symmetric. Animals with biradial symmetry are less common in the Kuanchuanpu Formation, thus P. prima and H. sichuanensis, both with biradial symmetry, are possibly conspecific, at least being close relatives. In Olivooides and Quadrapyrgites,the embryonic tissues were retained in the hatched stages as the apical parts. Likewise, the pinched “germ-band” area of P. prima embryos might be compared with the apical area of H. sichua- nensis, both of which are biradially symmetric. But evidently, there is a large morphological gap between them, and a detailed inves- tigation of that matter, including recovery of more embryos of later


embryonic stages of P. prima, is urgently demanded. Since hexangulaconulariids were regarded as an intermediate form between conulariids and Olivooides (Bengtson and Yue, 1997), a similar phylogenetic position is assumed for Pseudooides,and Pseudooides might also be a coronate scyphozoan.


Olivooides and Quadrapyrgites.—Olivooides and Quadrapyrgites have exclusively been reported from the Cambrian Fortunian Stage of South China (Donoghue et al., 2015). Due to comparable mor- phology and ontogenetic sequence, Steiner et al. (2014) proposed that Olivooides and Quadrapyrgites should be sister groups, con- stituting the taxonOlivooidae Steiner et al., 2014, andmight be early cycloneuralians.


Figure 4. Olivooides multisulcatus Qian, 1977 (1–3) and Olivooides mirabilis (Yue in Xing et al., 1984) (4, 5) from the Zhangjiagou Lagerstätte. (1)An embryo with five principal lobes and five subordinate lobes in pentaradial symmetry, UMCU.XXPT004; (2) an embryo with initially developed triangular thickenings, UMCU.2014XXPT006; (3) a hatched individual, latero-apical view, UMCU.2014XXPT008; (4) an embryo, UMCU.XXPT005, lateral view; (5)a fragment of the oral part, UMCU.2014XXPT009. Scale bar represents 500 μm(1–3), 856 μm(4), and 1.32mm (5).


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