Signorelli and Raven—Current knowledge of the family Cardiliidae
Table 1. Stratigraphic chart with temporal and geographic distribution of valid species of Cardilia. Era
Phanerozoic Cenozoic Quaternary* Holocene
131
System period Series Epoch Stage Age Age Ma (million of years) 0
Pleistocene Upper Neogene
Pliocene Miocene
Piacenzian Zanclean Messinian
“Ionian” Calabrian Gelasian
Tortonian
Serravallian Langhian
Paleogene
Oligocene Eocene
Burdigalian Aquitanian Chattian Rupelian
Priabonian Bartonian
Paleocene
Lutetian Ypresian Thanetian Selandian Danian
0.0117 0.126 0.781 1,806 2,588 3,600 5,332
7,246
11,608 13.82
28.4±0.1 33.9±0.1 37.2±0.1
15.97 20.43 23.03
40.4±0.2 48.6±0.2 55.8±0.2 58.7±0.2 61.1
Species
C. semisulcata C. inermis C. martini C. atlantica
C. michellottii C. sundaica
C. ludwigi
C. krawangensis C. bruneiana
C. palembangensis C. deshayesi
C. palembangensis C. toyamaensis
Locality
Indo–Pacific ocean coast of Sumatra Malacca strait coast of Ghana
Asti, Italy West Java
Purwakarta Purwakarta Brunei
South Sumatra Vienna basin Sarawak
Toyama, Japan
C. michelini C. edwardsi
Paris Basin C. laeviuscula Bracklesham Bay, England Barton Beds, England
*Chart taken from the International stratigraphic chart (ICS) Definition of the Quaternary and revision of the Pleistocene are under discussion. Base of the Pleistocene is at 1.81 Ma (base of Calabrian), but may be extended to 2.59 Ma (base of Gelasian). The historic “Tertiary” comprises the Paleogene and Neogene, and has no official rank.
weaker lamellar cardinal in the right valve, both positioned on a buttress below the resilifer; one lateral tooth present in the right valve. Lamellar part of the ligament not observed. Fibrous resilium submarginal/internal, triangular to tear–drop shaped, slightly posteroventrally inclined, extending onto ventrally projecting chondrophore in each valve. Anterior adductor muscle scar narrow, elongate, positioned close to the anterior shell margin; posterior adductor muscle scar positioned on strongly projecting myophoric lamina, extending ventrally from the postero-dorsal shell margin. Pallial line entire, without sinus. Shells aragonitic and internally porcelaneous, but details of shell microstructure unknown (Taylor et al., 1973).
Remarks.—The family Cardiliidae was traditionally classified into the superfamily Mactroidea. However, the examined spe- cies of this family do not really resemble other mactroideans. The characters shared with other mactroidean species are the internal resilium as well as the inverted V-shaped cardinal tooth in the left valve, being this last character, the main diagnostic that defines the superfamily. However, the presence of three different ornamental areas (OA) on shell external surface, the strongly inflated umbo, the shell outline and posterior adductor muscle placed into a myophore are exclusive features of cardi- liids. Until new material become available for anatomical and molecular studies we prefer to be conservative and retain Cardiliidae as a separate family within Mactroidea.
Genus Cardilia Deshayes in Lamarck, 1835
Type species.—Isocardia semisulcata Lamarck, 1819, by subsequent designation (Deshayes, 1844). Usually this type
designation was ascribed to Herrmannsen, 1846 (e.g., Keen in Moore, 1969). However, Deshayes in Lamarck, 1835 placed both Isocardia semisulcata and Isocardia michelini in his new genus Cardilia without type designation. Later Deshayes (1844) assigned Isocardia semisulcata as type species of the genus (Huber, 2010).
Occurrence.—Europe, Indo–Pacific, Japan, South eastern Atlantic; middle Eocene – Recent.
Remarks.—The following genus level names are considered in this work as junior synonym of Cardilia: Hemicyclonosta Deshayes in Blainville, 1827 (p. 660; nomen nudum); Hemi- clostera Bronn, 1838 (p. 806; error pro Hemiciclonosta Deshayes in Blainville, 1827); Hemicyclostoma Gray, 1840 (p. 136; error pro Hemiciclonosta Deshayes in Blainville, 1827); Cardilla Lycett, 1848 (p. 258; error pro Cardilia Deshayes, 1835); Hemicyclodonta Deshayes, 1850 (p. 251; error pro Hemiciclonosta Deshayes in Blainville, 1827); Hemicycloster Paetel, 1875 (error pro Hemiclostera Bronn, 1838); Leptina Pictet, 1855 (p. 500; based onmanuscript by Bonelli) (non. Meigen, 1830, p. 283, obj.). Besides the genus Cardilia and its synonyms, the Oligocene Cardilona Marwick, 1943 (type C. bensoni Marwick, 1943) had been referred to this family (Keen, 1969, p. N608). However, it is currently assigned to Lyonsiellidae as a junior synonym of Pecchiolia Savi and Meneghini in Murchison, 1850 (Maxwell, 1978; Beu andMaxwell, 1990).
Cardilia semisulcata (Lamarck, 1819) Figure 1.1–1.8
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