194


Journal of Paleontology 92(2):189–195


sign of hypercephaly in P. oculiseparata n. sp., which seems to be associated with sexual dimorphism in drosophilids and aggressive behavior among male flies. Extremely aggressive behavior among males has been observed in various parasitoid wasp species (e.g., Abe et al., 2003), but to our knowledge has not been reported for any members of the superfamily Evanioidea. Local regions of higher frontal and lateral acuity are seen in


Deans, A.R., Gillespie, J.J., and Yoder, M.J., 2006, An evaluation of ensign wasp classification (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae) based on molecular data and insights from ribosomalRNAsecondary structure: Systematic Entomology, v. 31, p. 517–528.


Deans, A.R., Yoder, M.J., and Dole, K., 2013, Evanioidea Online—catalog of information about evanioid wasps (Hymenoptera). [http://evanioidea.info] (Accessed 1 March 2015).


Engel, S.M., Huang., D., Alqarni, A.S., and Cao, C., 2016, A remarkable evanioid wasp in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea): Cretaceous Research, v. 60, p. 121–127.


the eyes of some dragonflies (Horridge, 1978), but with a relatively smooth transition (and accompanying functional vision) in the transition between these eye regions. Because of wave optical limitations to resolution (Stavenga, 2003), compound eyes do not simply scale geometrically as facet diameter is reduced. In practice, many small to tiny insect species have facet diameters in the range 10–14 µm, as seen in P. oculiseparata n. sp. Instead, as the demands of a smaller body plan require smaller eyes, ommatidial facet number appears to be sacrificed (Fischer et al., 2013), and the resulting smaller radius of curvature leads to reduction in the overall resolution of the eye, if the spherical geometry of the eye is maintained. It is possible that in P. oculiseparata n. sp. the aspheric organization of the shelf-eye represents an alternative compromise between the conflicting demands imposed by miniaturization (and thus a small eye) and the need to preserve moderate acuity vision (requiring a large radius of curvature) in the frontal and lateral eye fields, at the cost of a loss of functional spatial vision in the intermediate region viewed by the ridge.


Acknowledgments


We wish to thank G. Bechly (State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart) for providing access to the amber specimen, J. Heraty and R. Burks for providing high-resolution images of Isomerala, and E. Fagan-Jeffries for formatting the plates. We also thank the School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide for a Summer Scholarship awarded to Priya through the Faculty of Sciences. Figure 5 is reproduced with permission of the Bulletin of Entomological Research.


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