Journal of Paleontology, 92(2), 2018, p. 130–145 Copyright © 2018, The Paleontological Society 0022-3360/18/0088-0906 doi: 10.1017/jpa.2017.86
Current knowledge of the family Cardiliidae (Bivalvia, Mactroidea)
Javier H. Signorelli1 and J.G.M. (Han) Raven2 1Laboratorio de Reproducción y Biología Integrativa de Invertebrados marinos, LARBIM – IBIOMAR – CENPAT – CONICET. Bvd. Brown
2915, U9120ACD Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina ⟨jsignorelli@cenpa–
conicet.gov.ar⟩ 2National Center for Biodiversity Naturalis, Leiden, The Netherlands ⟨
schelp56@hotmail.com⟩
Abstract.—The family Cardiliidae has been scarcely studied. It was historically placed in the superfamily Mactroidea. Members of this family are characterized by a cordiform shell with a typical mactrid hinge, posterior adductor muscle placed into a myophore and three ornamental areas on the external surface of the shell. Six extant and 14 exclusively fossil species have been previously mentioned in the literature as belonging to the genus Cardilia. The geographical distribution, stratigraphic range, type material and type locality of each extant and fossil species are provided. In this work, four extant species and 11 exclusively fossil species belonging to the genus Cardilia are recognized. Extant species are from the western Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and eastern Atlantic Ocean, while fossil taxa are recorded from deposits of middle Eocene to late Pliocene in Europe and Asia,. One of them is formally described herein as Cardilia edwardsi new species.
Introduction
Cardiliidae bivalves are uncommon and have been rarely mentioned in recent literature. The family name was introduced by Fischer (1887, p. 1120) and historically placed in the superfamily Mactroidea (Dall, 1895; Lamy, 1917; Keen in Moore, 1969; Bieler et al., 2010; Carter et al., 2011, among others). Diagnostic characters are a cordiform shell with a typical mactrid hinge, internal resilium and external ligament, posterior adductor muscle placed into a myophore and the absence of pallial sinus. Currently six extant and fourteen exclusively fossil species have been mentioned in the literature (Lamarck, 1819; Newton, 1891; Deshayes, 1844; Nicklès, 1955; Hörnes, 1859; Fischer, 1861; Oostingh, 1934; Otuka, 1934; Beets, 1944; Van Regteren Altena and Beets, 1945; Tsuda, 1959, among others). Fossil material representing extinct species has been registered from several localities of Europe and Asia whereas fresh (partially live) specimens (representing extant species) were sampled from the Indo- Pacific and the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Only for one extant species a fossil record exists, which is restricted to the Quaternary. During an ongoing revision of the superfamily Mactroidea
it became necessary to give a synopsis of the current taxonomy and distribution of recent and fossil cardiliids.
Materials and methods
This study is based on an exhaustive literature search of described species belonging to the family Cardiliidae. All original descriptions were checked. Geographical distribution, stratigraphic range, type material and type locality of each extant and fossil species are provided. Valid species herein
revised are listed in a stratigraphic chart with temporal and geographic distribution (Table 1).
Repositories and institutional abbreviations.—Type material of all nominal species is deposited in the following institutions: Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Paris; The Natural History Museum (NHMUK), London; Zoologisk Museum (ZMUC), Copenhagen; Natural History Museum if Wien (NHMW); Geology Museum of Bandung, Indonesia (GMBI); Naturalis Biodiversity Center (RGM). Museum of the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of Faculty of Science, University of Kyoto (JC); the University Museum, The Uni- versity of Tokyo (UMUT). Where possible this type material was reviewed by the authors.
Systematic paleontology Superfamily Mactroidea
Family Cardiliidae Fischer, 1887
Diagnosis.—Shell small, equivalve, higher than long, extremely inflated, slightly inequilateral, ventrally extended; dorso– ventrally sub–ovate; anteriorly ovate to broadly ovate, dorsally strongly sloping downward anteriorly and posteriorly; ventrally ovate. Posteroventral shell margins slightly digitate in some members. Sculpture of only growth lines or closely spaced, rounded radial ribs over the posterior part of the shell. Inner shell margins smooth. Shell not gaping. Umbos strongly pro- sogyrate, dorsally projecting, subspiral. Hinge plate strongly arched; very thin anteriorly and posteriorly, thickened only on strong, restricted projection below beaks, containing both liga- mental resilifer and cardinal dentition. Hinge with strong, inverted V–shaped cardinal in the left valve, triangular and
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